Seasonal influenza can have serious morbid consequences and can even result in death, particularly in at-risk populations, including healthcare professionals (HCPs), elderly and those living with a medical risk condition. Although in Europe recommendations exist for annual influenza vaccination in these populations in most countries, the vaccination coverage rate (VCR) is often well below the World Health Organization target of 75% coverage. In our previous survey in 2009 we showed that some elements of national vaccination policies, e.g. reminder systems, strong official recommendation, and easy access, seemed to contribute to achieving higher influenza VCRs among elderly. We repeated the survey in 2016, using the same methodology to assess changes in influenza VCRs among the elderly and in the impact of policy elements on these VCRs. In addition, we collected information about VCRs among HCPs, and those living with a medical risk condition. The median VCR in the 21 countries that had recommendations for influenza vaccination in the elderly was 35.3%, ranging from 1.1% in Estonia to 74.5% in Scotland. The average VCRs for HCPs and those living with medical risk conditions, available in 17 and 10 countries, respectively, were 28.3% (range 7% in Czech Republic to 59.1% in Portugal) and 32.2% (range from 20.0% in the Czech Republic and Hungary to 59.6% in Portugal), respectively. Fewer countries were able to provide data from HCP and those living with medical risk conditions. Since the initial survey during the 2007-2008 influenza season, VCRs have decreased in the elderly in the majority of countries, thus, achieving high VCRs in the elderly and the other target groups is still a major public health challenge in Europe. This could be addressed by the identification, assessment and sharing of best practice for influenza vaccination policies.

• Klíčová slova
• Elderly, Seasonal influenza vaccination, Vaccination coverage, Vaccination policies, healthcare professionals, influenza, policy,
• MeSH
• chřipka lidská prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• očkovací programy organizace a řízení   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• pokrytí očkováním statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zdravotní politika * MeSH
• zdravotnické plány - realizace organizace a řízení   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• COVID-19, Influenza vaccination, SARS-CoV-2, coverage rates, influenza,
• MeSH
• chřipka lidská * epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• COVID-19 * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pandemie prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• pokrytí očkováním MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 MeSH
• vakcinace MeSH
• vakcíny proti chřipce * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Austrálie epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• vakcíny proti chřipce * MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Individuals with HIV infection are at an increased risk for a number of infectious diseases, some of which are preventable by vaccination. Unfortunately, little is known about the attitudes of this population group to vaccination, therefore, we decided to find out vaccination coverage against 5 infections among newly diagnosed HIV-infected patients in the Czech Republic. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on newly diagnosed patients who started their follow-up care at the HIV Clinic of Na Bulovce Hospital during the two following years. Vaccination history data and results of serological tests were collected from all participants. RESULTS: Enrolled were 269 HIV-positive subjects (94.1% males) with a mean age of 34.4 years, 64 subjects (23.8%) had tertiary education, 229 (85.1%) were men having sex with men, 32 (11.9%) were heterosexual, and 8 (3.0%) were injection drug users. The mean CD4+ T-lymphocyte count was 556.2/µL, with 149 persons (55.4%) who had a CD4+ T-lymphocyte count > 500/µL, and 68 (25.3%) individuals were late presenters with CD4+ T-lymphocyte count < 350/µL. A vaccination against tetanus was reported by 262 subjects (97.4%), against influenza by 18 subjects (6.7%), against tick-borne encephalitis by 18 subjects (6.7%), against viral hepatitis A by 78 persons (29.0%), and against hepatitis B by 104 subjects (38.7%). For influenza, tick-borne encephalitis and hepatitis A, a significant positive impact of tertiary education was found (p-values < 0.001-0.044). Vaccination coverage against both types of hepatitis was significantly lower in late presenters (p = 0.044 and p = 0.004, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination rates found in our cohort were except tetanus and hepatitis B in young people low, especially for influenza and tick-borne encephalitis. Higher level of education and less advanced HIV infection were associated with higher vaccination rates. To improve this unsatisfactory situation, more attention should be paid to vaccination.

• Klíčová slova
• HIV, hepatitis, influenza, tetanus, tick-borne encephalitis, vaccination coverage,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• HIV infekce * diagnóza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• počet CD4 lymfocytů metody   MeSH
• pokrytí očkováním * MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Background Childhood vaccination rates fluctuate over time and do not always meet the levels recommended by the WHO. Objective This study aims to provide an overview of measures countries have introduced to increase vaccination rates. Methods We developed a structured data collection template that was completed by country experts from Europe, Israel, the USA, and Canada. Experts were identified using the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies' HSPM (Health Systems and Policy Monitor) network. We approached experts from 32 countries and received responses from 22 countries. In the template we asked for measures introduced between 2014 and 2019. The experts were asked to indicate the type of intervention, the target population, possible positive and negative effects, and evidence on effectiveness. The information was collected between September 2019 and January 2020. Results We identified four main types of interventions: restrictive measures for the unvaccinated, financial incentives, measures supporting the logistics of vaccination, and vaccination promotion campaigns. Restrictive measures often involved expanding existing mandatory vaccination policies or limiting access to pre-school activities for unvaccinated children. Financial incentives for healthcare providers showed some positive effects. Regarding logistical support, several countries used schools as alternative vaccination sites, though this presented organisational challenges. Many countries invested in improving knowledge among both healthcare professionals and parents to encourage vaccine uptake. Conclusions Most initiatives implemented in the countries covered focussed on communication and knowledge enhancement. However, there is limited evidence on the impact of these measures on vaccination coverage.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• internacionalita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• očkovací programy * MeSH
• podpora zdraví * metody   MeSH
• pokrytí očkováním * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• vakcinace * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• zdravotní politika MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Izrael MeSH
• Kanada MeSH
• Spojené státy americké MeSH

AIM: To ensure that children are vaccinated, different national governments use diverse strategies. We compared childhood vaccination coverage rates between New York State (NYS) and New Zealand (NZ) as the vaccination strategies are different. METHODS: We used vaccination records from the NYS Immunisation Information System and the National Immunisation Register of NZ to measure (i) vaccination coverage by school entry and by age six; (ii) coverage of different socio-demographic groups; and (iii) trend in vaccination coverage between 2011 and 2015. RESULTS: We analysed the records of 583 767 NYS children and 269 800 NZ children 7 years of age. NZ children were 3.3-21.5% more likely than NYS children to receive each of the vaccines. Compared to NYS, NZ children were 39.6% more likely to be up-to-date by the start of school and 28.1% more likely to be up-to-date by age 6 years. Both NYS and NZ had statistically significant increases in the proportion of children who were up to date on each vaccine and all vaccines by the start of school and by 6 years of age (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We identified under-vaccinated groups and examined the point in the vaccine series where children were most vulnerable to being under-vaccinated. This information is useful in targeting future investigations and interventions aimed at mitigating disparities in vaccine coverage. This comparison of regions with different vaccination programmes and policies is important when considering whether the particular vaccination coverage strategies of one region could be adapted and applied for the benefit of another.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• kontrola infekčních nemocí metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• městské obyvatelstvo MeSH
• očkovací schéma MeSH
• pokrytí očkováním statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• poliovirové vakcíny aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• vakcína proti diftérii, tetanu a pertusi aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• vakcína proti hepatitidě B aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• vakcína proti spalničkám, příušnicím a zarděnkám aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• venkovské obyvatelstvo MeSH
• virové vakcíny MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• New York MeSH
• Nový Zéland MeSH
• Názvy látek
• poliovirové vakcíny MeSH
• vakcína proti diftérii, tetanu a pertusi MeSH
• vakcína proti hepatitidě B MeSH
• vakcína proti spalničkám, příušnicím a zarděnkám MeSH
• virové vakcíny MeSH

AIM: To map the current seroprevalence of antibodies and vaccine coverage against viral hepatitis A (VHA) in the general population of the South Moravian Region (SMR). MATERIAL AND METHODS: During the VHA outbreak in 2016, nearly 3500 persons were investigated epidemiologically by the Regional Public Health Authority of the SMR within the anti-epidemic measures. The data collected were, among others, basic personal data and information whether the person has been vaccinated against VHA. For the reportedly vaccinated, the information was checked in the GP records or vaccination card. Those who reported to be unvaccinated were referred for serological testing. For the purposes of this retrospective prevalence study, available data on 3130 persons were analysed. The study population was divided into 10 age groups (0-4 years, 5-9 years, 10-14 years, 15-19 years, 20-24 years, 25-34 years, 35-44 years, 45-54 years, 55-65 years, and 65 years and over). The numbers of vaccinated persons with positive total antibodies and of those who tested negative were determined. The data obtained were statistically analysed using the Microsoft Excel tabular processor. RESULTS: Of the study cohort of 3130 persons, 659 (21.05 %) turned out to be seropositive, and 320 (10.22 %) of the seropositives were vaccinated. The seroprevalence rates in the age groups over 35 years were increasing with increasing age, being the highest (51.40 %) in those aged 65 years and older. The highest vaccine coverage rates were achieved in the age groups 10-14 years (20.73 %) and 15-19 years (20.77 %). CONCLUSION: The seroprevalence rates of antibodies against VHA in the general population of the SMR are very low (21.05 %), being even lower than previously reported. The vaccine coverage rate against VHA is 10.22 %. The results show higher vaccine coverage rates in those born after the vaccine against VHA was implemented. Children show the highest vaccine coverage rates. Adults tend to get vaccinated less often. This fact promotes the risk of infection spread and outbreaks, as recently evidenced by the spread of infection from persons engaging in risky behaviours to the general population of young working-age adults.

• Klíčová slova
• viral hepatitis A - seroprevalence - vaccine coverage rate - susceptibility.,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hepatitida A * epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• séroepidemiologické studie MeSH
• vakcinace statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• vakcíny * MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• vakcíny * MeSH

INTRODUCTION: The Raise Awareness of Influenza Strategies in Europe (RAISE) group gathered information about the healthcare burden of influenza (hospitalizations, intensive care unit [ICU] admissions, and excess deaths), surveillance systems, and the vaccine coverage rate (VCR) in older adults in 18 European countries and Israel. AREAS COVERED: Published medical literature and official medical documentation on the influenza disease burden in the participating countries were reviewed from 2010/11 until the 2022/23 influenza seasons. Information on the framework for monitoring the disease burden and the provision for ensuring older adults had access to vaccination in their respective countries was provided. Data on influenza VCR in older adults were collected for the 2019/20 to 2022/23 influenza seasons. Data are reported descriptively. EXPERT OPINION: Influenza presents a significant healthcare burden in older adults. Reporting outcomes across participating countries is heterogeneous, highlighting the need for standardized approaches. Although older adults receive free influenza vaccination, vaccine uptake is highly variable among countries. Moreover, hospitalization rates remain high even in countries reporting a high VCR. Increased awareness and education on the burden of disease and the broader use of improved influenza vaccines for older adults may help reduce the disease burden on this population.

• Klíčová slova
• Influenza, Influenza surveillance, burden of disease, older adults, vaccine coverage rate,
• MeSH
• chřipka lidská * prevence a kontrola   epidemiologie   MeSH
• COVID-19 * prevence a kontrola   epidemiologie   MeSH
• hospitalizace * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pokrytí očkováním * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• vakcíny proti chřipce * aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH
• Izrael epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• vakcíny proti chřipce * MeSH

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to gather information on demographic and health indicators, primarily vaccination status, of Syrians under temporary protection in five provinces of Turkey and to develop infrastructure for vaccination planning. METHODS: The population under study consists of 89,986 Syrian children, 0-4 years of age, residing in Ankara, Mersin, Gaziantep, Izmir, and Bursa. Initially, we planned to evaluate 2,339 children, although a total of 2,827 children were evaluated by the end of the study. RESULTS: Of these children, 74% were born in Turkey, while 20% were born in Syria. In addition, 22.4% (n = 634) of the children were never vaccinated, and of these, 67.0% (n = 425) were born in Turkey. In other words, one in five Syrian children born in Turkey (20.3%) had never been vaccinated. Of the Syrian children under temporary protection, the missing vaccinations were as follows: hepatitis B (54.7%); Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (62.5%); five-component combined vaccine (64.6%); conjugated pneumococcal vaccine (58.0%); oral polio vaccine (70.8%); measles, mumps, and rubella (76.6%); varicella (66.8%); and hepatitis A vaccine (76.0%). CONCLUSION: It is important to increase the immunization rates of Syrian children under temporary protection and establish regular vaccination procedures.

• Klíčová slova
• Syrian, Turkey, refugee, vaccination status,
• MeSH
• imunizace MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• očkovací programy MeSH
• pokrytí očkováním statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• příušnice epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• spalničky epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• vakcína proti spalničkám, příušnicím a zarděnkám aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• vakcinace statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Sýrie etnologie   MeSH
• Turecko epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• vakcína proti spalničkám, příušnicím a zarděnkám MeSH

This paper assesses the coverage probability of commonly used confidence intervals for the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) when death certificates are missing. It also proposes alternative confidence interval approaches with coverage probabilities close to .95. In epidemiology, the SMR is an important measure of risk of disease mortality (or incidence) to compare a specific group to a reference population. The appropriate confidence interval for the SMR is crucial, especially when the SMR is close to 1.0 and the statistical significance of the risk needs to be determined. There are several ways to calculate confidence intervals, depending on a study characteristics (ie, studies with small number of deaths, studies with small counts, aggregate SMRs based on several countries or time periods, and studies with missing death certificates). This paper summarizes the most commonly used confidence intervals and newly applies several existing approaches not previously used for SMR confidence intervals. The coverage probability and length of the different confidence intervals are assessed using a simulation study and different scenarios. The performance of the confidence intervals for the lung cancer SMR and all other cancer SMR is also assessed using the dataset of French and Czech uranium miners. Finally, the most appropriate confidence intervals to use under different study scenarios are recommended.

• Klíčová slova
• aggregation, confidence intervals, coverage, missing certificates, profile likelihood, simulation study, standardized mortality ratio, uranium miners,
• MeSH
• interval spolehlivosti * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mortalita * MeSH
• nádory plic mortalita   MeSH
• nemoci z povolání mortalita   MeSH
• pravděpodobnost MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• statistické modely MeSH
• úmrtní listy * MeSH
• uran MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Francie epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• uran MeSH

BACKGROUND: In recent decades, many countries worldwide have implemented some form of Universal Health Coverage (UHC). We sought to evaluate incidence and survival trends of breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer before and after the implementation of UHC in Thailand. METHODS: The age-standardized incidence rate and 1- and 5-year net survival (NS) were calculated for five Thai provinces, namely Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Khon Kaen, Lampang, and Songkhla for breast, cervix, and colorectal cancer in three study periods (1997-2012): before, during, and after the implementation of UHC. RESULTS: The incidence of breast and colorectal cancer has increased over time, while the incidence of cervical cancer has decreased (17.9-29.9, 9.0-13.6, and 19.6-12.3 per 100,000, respectively). Larger proportion of breast cancer were diagnosed with localized stage after UHC implementation compared to the period prior to UHC (31.5 % vs 19.0 %). Overall, The improvement in survival by cancer site varied in magnitude with a 5-year NS increase from 61.3 % to 75.1 % for breast, 55.4-59.5 % for cervical, and 39.9-47.6 % for colorectal cancer. The amount of increase slightly differed across provinces. CONCLUSION: Rising incidence for breast and colorectal, and declining cervical cancer may partly be attributable to improved awareness and early detection programs. Additionally, improvement in survival may partly be attributable to increased access to healthcare, availability of treatment, and increased access to cancer screening after UHC was implemented. Thus, continued expansion of UHC package on cancer could potentially contribute to further improvement of cancer control in Thailand. POLICY SUMMARY: This study provides important evidence on the impact of UHC in cancer burden and survival for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer in Thailand. This study serves as an example for other countries where UHC has been recently implemented and guide policymakers in allocating resources towards UHC and cancer control programs.

• Klíčová slova
• Breast cancer, Cervical cancer, Colorectal cancer, Incidence, Survival, Thailand,
• MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru MeSH
• kolorektální nádory * epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory děložního čípku * epidemiologie   MeSH
• všeobecné zdravotní pojištění MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Thajsko epidemiologie   MeSH