BACKGROUND: Little information is available on the official postgraduate and subspecialty training programs in movement disorders (MD) in Europe and North Africa. OBJECTIVE: To survey the accessible MD clinical training in these regions. METHODS: We designed a survey on clinical training in MD in different medical fields, at postgraduate and specialized levels. We assessed the characteristics of the participants and the facilities for MD care in their respective countries. We examined whether there are structured, or even accredited postgraduate, or subspecialty MD training programs in neurology, neurosurgery, internal medicine, geriatrics, neuroradiology, neuropediatrics, and general practice. Participants also shared their suggestions and needs. RESULTS: The survey was completed in 31/49 countries. Structured postgraduate MD programs in neurology exist in 20 countries; structured neurology subspecialty training exists in 14 countries and is being developed in two additional countries. Certified neurology subspecialty training was reported to exist in 7 countries. Recommended reading lists, printed books, and other materials are the most popular educational tools, while courses, lectures, webinars, and case presentations are the most popular learning formats. Mandatory activities and skills to be certified were not defined in 15/31 countries. Most participants expressed their need for a mandatory postgraduate MD program and for certified MD sub-specialization programs in neurology. CONCLUSION: Certified postgraduate and subspecialty training exists only in a minority of European countries and was not found in the surveyed Egypt and Tunisia. MD training should be improved in many countries.

• Klíčová slova
• Movement disorders, Parkinson’s disease, curriculum, education, neurology,
• MeSH
• akreditace statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• kurikulum statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurologie výchova   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• pohybové poruchy * MeSH
• průzkumy zdravotní péče statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• studium lékařství specializační postgraduální statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Egypt MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• Tunisko MeSH

The disabled population varies significantly in regard to physical fitness, what is conditioned by the damage to the locomotor system. Recently there has been an increased emphasis on the role of competitive sport in enhancing health and the quality of life of individuals with disability. One of the sport disciplines of Paralympics is the flat bench press. The bench press is one of the most popular resistance exercises used for the upper body in healthy individuals. It is used not only by powerlifters, but also by athletes in most strength-speed oriented sport disciplines. The objective of the study was to compare neuromuscular control for various external loads (from 60 to 100% 1RM) during the flat bench press performed by an elite able-bodied athlete and an athlete with lower limb disability. The research project is a case study of two elite bench press athletes with similar sport results: an able-bodied athlete (M.W., age 34 years, body mass 103 kg, body height 1.72 m, 1RM in the flat bench press 200 kg) and a disabled athlete (M.T., age 31 years, body mass 92 kg, body height 1.70 m, 1RM in the flat bench press 190 kg). The activity was recorded for four muscles: pectoralis major (PM), anterior deltoid (AD), as well as for the lateral and long heads of the triceps brachii (TBlat and TBlong). The T-test revealed statistically significant differences between peak activity of all the considered muscles (AD with p = 0.001; PM with p = 0.001; TBlat with p = 0.0021 and TBlong with p = 0.002) between the 2 athletes. The analysis of peak activity differences of M.W and M.T. in relation to the load revealed statistically significant differences for load changes between: 60 to 100% 1RM (p = 0.007), 70 to 100% 1RM (p = 0.016) and 80 to 100% 1RM (p = 0.032). The flat bench press performed without legs resting firmly on the ground leads to the increased engagement of upper body muscles and to their greater activation. Isolated initial positions can be used to generate greater engagement of muscle groups during the bench press exercise and evoke their higher activation.

• Klíčová slova
• bench press, disabled athletes, internal structure, muscle activity,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Globalization and economic growth are recognized as key drivers of biological invasions. Alien species have become a feature of almost every biological community worldwide, and rates of new introductions continue to rise as the movement of people and goods accelerates. Insects are among the most numerous and problematic alien organisms, and are mainly introduced unintentionally with imported cargo or arriving passengers. However, the processes occurring prior to insect introductions remain poorly understood. We used a unique dataset of 1,902,392 border interception records from inspections at air, land, and maritime ports in Australia, New Zealand, Europe, Japan, USA, and Canada to identify key commodities associated with insect movement through trade and travel. In total, 8939 species were intercepted, and commodity association data were available for 1242 species recorded between 1960 and 2019. We used rarefaction and extrapolation methods to estimate the total species richness and diversity associated with different commodity types. Plant and wood products were the main commodities associated with insect movement across cargo, passenger baggage, and international mail. Furthermore, certain species were mainly associated with specific commodities within these, and other broad categories. More closely related species tended to share similar commodity associations, but this occurred largely at the genus level rather than within orders or families. These similarities within genera can potentially inform pathway management of new alien species. Combining interception records across regions provides a unique window into the unintentional movement of insects, and provides valuable information on establishment risks associated with different commodity types and pathways.

• Klíčová slova
• commodity trade, globalization, human-mediated dispersal, insects, introduction pathways, invasion risk,
• MeSH
• hmyz * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• společenstvo MeSH
• zavlečené druhy * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Austrálie MeSH
• Evropa MeSH

Many tree species have developed extensive root systems that allow them to survive in arid environments by obtaining water from a large soil volume. These root systems can transport and redistribute soil water during drought by hydraulic redistribution (HR). A recent study revealed the phenomenon of evaporation-driven hydraulic redistribution (EDHR), which is driven by evaporative demand (transpiration). In this study, we confirmed the occurrence of EDHR in Chinese white poplar (Populus tomentosa) through root sap flow measurements. We utilized microcomputed tomography technology to reconstruct the xylem network of woody lateral roots and proposed conceptual models to verify EDHR from a physical perspective. Our results indicated that EDHR is driven by the internal water potential gradient within the plant xylem network, which requires 3 conditions: high evaporative demand, soil water potential gradient, and special xylem structure of the root junction. The simulations demonstrated that during periods of extreme drought, EDHR could replenish water to dry roots and improve root water potential up to 38.9% to 41.6%. This highlights the crucial eco-physiological importance of EDHR in drought tolerance. Our proposed models provide insights into the complex structure of root junctions and their impact on water movement, thus enhancing our understanding of the relationship between xylem structure and plant hydraulics.

• MeSH
• kořeny rostlin fyziologie   MeSH
• období sucha * MeSH
• Populus * MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• rentgenová mikrotomografie MeSH
• rostliny MeSH
• transpirace rostlin fyziologie   MeSH
• voda fyziologie   MeSH
• xylém fyziologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• půda MeSH
• voda MeSH

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE: To evaluate lung tumor motion during respiration and to describe factors affecting the range and variability of motion in patients treated with stereotactic ablative radiation therapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Log file analysis from online respiratory tumor tracking was performed in 145 patients. Geometric tumor location in the lungs, tumor volume and origin (primary or metastatic), sex, and tumor motion amplitudes in the superior-inferior (SI), latero-lateral (LL), and anterior-posterior (AP) directions were recorded. Tumor motion variability during treatment was described using intrafraction/interfraction amplitude variability and tumor motion baseline changes. Tumor movement dependent on the tumor volume, position and origin, and sex were evaluated using statistical regression and correlation analysis. RESULTS: After analysis of >500 hours of data, the highest rates of motion amplitudes, intrafraction/interfraction variation, and tumor baseline changes were in the SI direction (6.0 ± 2.2 mm, 2.2 ± 1.8 mm, 1.1 ± 0.9 mm, and -0.1 ± 2.6 mm). The mean motion amplitudes in the lower/upper geometric halves of the lungs were significantly different (P<.001). Motion amplitudes >15 mm were observed only in the lower geometric quarter of the lungs. Higher tumor motion amplitudes generated higher intrafraction variations (R=.86, P<.001). Interfraction variations and baseline changes >3 mm indicated tumors contacting mediastinal structures or parietal pleura. On univariate analysis, neither sex nor tumor origin (primary vs metastatic) was an independent predictive factor of different movement patterns. Metastatic lesions in women, but not men, showed significantly higher mean amplitudes (P=.03) and variability (primary, 2.7 mm; metastatic, 4.9 mm; P=.002) than primary tumors. CONCLUSION: Online tracking showed significant irregularities in lung tumor movement during respiration. Motion amplitude was significantly lower in upper lobe tumors; higher interfraction amplitude variability indicated tumors in contact with mediastinal structures, although adhesion to parietal pleura did not necessarily reduce tumor motion amplitudes. The most variable lung tumors were metastatic lesions in women.

• MeSH
• analýza rozptylu MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• čtyřrozměrná počítačová tomografie MeSH
• dýchání * MeSH
• frakcionace dávky záření MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory plic diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   radioterapie   sekundární   MeSH
• pohyb těles MeSH
• pohyb * MeSH
• radiochirurgie * MeSH
• regresní analýza MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• tumor burden MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The aim of this study was to compare the electromyographic activity between the standard and cambered bar during the bench press (BP) exercise. Twelve resistance-trained males performed the flat BP with a standard and a cambered bar at selected loads (50%, 70%, and 90% 1RM). Muscle activation assessed by surface electromyography (sEMG) was recorded for the pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, and the lateral and long heads of the triceps brachii during each attempt. A three-way repeated measures ANOVA indicated statistically significant main interaction for bar × load × muscle (p < 0.01); bar × load (p < 0.01); bar × muscle (p < 0.01); load × muscle (p < 0.01). There was also a main effect for the bar (p < 0.01); load (p < 0.01); and muscle group (p < 0.01). The post hoc analysis for the main multiple interaction effect of bar × load × muscle showed a statistically significant increase in sEMG for the standard bar in the pectoralis major compared to the cambered bar at 50% 1RM (p < 0.01) and 90% 1RM (p < 0.01), as well as in the triceps brachii long at 90% 1RM (p < 0.01). Furthermore, a statistically significant decrease in sEMG was registered for the standard bar in the anterior deltoid compared to the cambered bar at 90% 1RM (p = 0.02). The results indicated that the cambered bar was superior in activating the anterior deltoid muscle compared to the standard bar during the BP exercise, whereas the standard bar provided higher pectoralis major and triceps brachii long head sEMG activity at 90% 1RM.

• Klíčová slova
• EMG, internal movement structure, range of motion, resistance training, training equipment,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Motility is a characteristic function of the male gamete, which allows spermatozoa to actively reach and penetrate the female gamete in organisms with internal and external fertilization. Sperm motility is acquired under the control of many extrinsic and intrinsic factors and is based on a specialized structure of the sperm flagellum called "axoneme". An overview of how the sperm flagellum is organized, and it operates to support cell motility is presented, with special focus on the molecular mechanisms and factors involved in the development, maintenance and control of motility. Data obtained in aquatic organisms with external fertilization, such as sea urchins, ascidians or fishes are critically analyzed because they constitute model species on which most of the present day understanding of sperm motility function is based. In most animal species, sperm motility is dependent on a long appendage called flagellum. Flagella are essential organelles found in most eukaryotic cells; their basic structure is the axoneme, which consists of a scaffold of microtubules and is responsible for movement in an autonomous manner if ATP-energy is present. Flagellar beat propels the cell through the medium which surrounds sperm cells and is responsible of the translational drive of spermatozoa. The present paper includes: (1) an introduction to typical sperm morphology and ultrastructure in most aquatic species, (2) the motility apparatus or axoneme of the spermatozoa: the axoneme, (3) the structural and biochemical composition of the axoneme, (4) the axonemal motor or dynein, and its operation, (5) the regulation of motility at axoneme and cell membrane levels, including several effectors such as Ca2+ ions, (6) biophysical features of the wave propagation mechanism in motile spermatozoa, (7) the energy production and consumption, and (8) the building of a flagellum. Flagellar beating in aquatic animals is illustrated using several examples in figures and video-clips. These types of data are also used for computer simulation of various aspects of the modulation of sperm motility of marine animals.

• Klíčová slova
• Flagellum, Ions, Osmolarity, Regulation, Sea urchin, Spermatozoa,
• MeSH
• bezobratlí fyziologie   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• flagella fyziologie   MeSH
• motilita spermií fyziologie   MeSH
• obratlovci fyziologie   MeSH
• spermie fyziologie   MeSH
• vodní organismy * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Non-union in forearm fractures is an uncommon but complex problem. This is especially given the unique anatomical structure and function of the forearm, making treatment distinctly different to that of other long bone fractures. Anatomical restoration of length, alignment, rotation and the radial bow maintains the optimal stabilising effects of the forearm muscles and interosseous membrane, as well as maximising the range of movement, particularly pronation and supination. Contemporary plate osteosynthesis using variations of the dynamic compression plate (DCP) developed by the AO group combined with established techniques of internal fixation have revolutionised the treatment of diaphyseal forearm fractures. Non-union rates have been minimised to below 5% and good to excellent functional outcomes are achieved. Non-union of the forearm is also intimately associated with a significant pain experience, marked pre-operative functional disability and physical and psychosocial morbidity. This review examines the literature and presents a guide to management as well as the current controversies and future directions related to this challenging problem.

• MeSH
• fraktury ulny diagnóza   chirurgie   MeSH
• fraktury vřetenní kosti diagnóza   chirurgie   MeSH
• interní fixátory MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nezhojené fraktury diagnóza   patofyziologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• pooperační komplikace prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• předloktí * diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   MeSH
• radiografie MeSH
• směrnice pro lékařskou praxi jako téma MeSH
• vnitřní fixace fraktury * škodlivé účinky   přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There is interest in what happens over time to the thrombus after intravenous alteplase. We study the effect of alteplase on thrombus structure and its impact on clinical outcome in patients with acute stroke. METHODS: Intravenous alteplase treated stroke patients with intracranial internal carotid artery or middle cerebral artery occlusion identified on baseline computed tomography angiography and with follow-up vascular imaging (computed tomography angiography or first run of angiography before endovascular therapy) were enrolled from INTERRSeCT study (Identifying New Approaches to Optimize Thrombus Characterization for Predicting Early Recanalization and Reperfusion With IV Alteplase and Other Treatments Using Serial CT Angiography). Thrombus movement after intravenous alteplase was classified into complete recanalization, thrombus migration, thrombus fragmentation, and no change. Thrombus migration was diagnosed when occlusion site moved distally and graded according to degrees of thrombus movement (grade 0-3). Thrombus fragmentation was diagnosed when a new distal occlusion in addition to the primary occlusion was identified on follow-up imaging. The association between thrombus movement and clinical outcome was also evaluated. RESULTS: Among 427 patients in this study, thrombus movement was seen in 54% with a median time of 123 minutes from alteplase administration to follow-up imaging, and sub-classified as marked (thrombus migration grade 2-3 + complete recanalization; 27%) and mild to moderate thrombus movement (thrombus fragmentation + thrombus migration grade 0-1; 27%). In patients with proximal M1/internal carotid artery occlusion, marked thrombus movement was associated with a higher rate of good outcome (90-day modified Rankin Scale, 0-2) compared with mild to moderate movement (52% versus 27%; adjusted odds ratio, 5.64 [95% CI, 1.72-20.10]). No difference was seen in outcomes between mild to moderate thrombus movement and no change. In M1 distal/M2 occlusion, marked thrombus movement was associated with improved 90-day good outcome compared with no change (70% versus 56%; adjusted odds ratio, 2.54 [95% CI, 1.21-5.51]). CONCLUSIONS: Early thrombus movement is common after intravenous alteplase. Marked thrombus migration leads to good clinical outcomes. Thrombus dynamics over time should be further evaluated in clinical trials of acute reperfusion therapy.

• Klíčová slova
• angiography, computed tomography angiography, internal carotid artery, middle cerebral artery, reperfusion,
• MeSH
• arteria carotis interna MeSH
• cévní mozková příhoda diagnostické zobrazování   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• CT angiografie MeSH
• fibrinolytika aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• infarkt arteria cerebri media diagnostické zobrazování   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• intrakraniální trombóza diagnostické zobrazování   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• intravenózní podání MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• počítačová rentgenová tomografie MeSH
• reperfuze MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stenóza arteria carotis diagnostické zobrazování   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• tkáňový aktivátor plazminogenu aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• trombolytická terapie MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fibrinolytika MeSH
• tkáňový aktivátor plazminogenu MeSH

Complex anorectal examination including a detailed medical history, physical proctological examination and evaluation of the sensorimotor and structural function of the anorectum is essential for the diagnosis and therapeutic management of functional anorectal dysfunction. The aim of the work is to provide an overview of diagnosing functional anorectal disorders according to the new update and consensus statement of the International Anorectal Physiology Working Group (IAPWG) with a focus on indications, a standardized examination protocol and introduction of the new London classification of anorectal dysfunction. The indications are: fecal incontinence, defecation disorders, functional pelvic (anorectal) pain, evaluation before an anorectal intervention and before planned delivery to assess the function of a previously traumatized anal sphincter. Standardization of the diagnosis and the evaluated data are the basis for multidisciplinary cooperation and determination of a treatment plan for each patient individually.

• Klíčová slova
• London classification, anorectal manometry, functional anorectal testing, indications, standardized protocol,
• MeSH
• anální kanál MeSH
• defekace MeSH
• fekální inkontinence diagnóza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• manometrie MeSH
• plánování péče o pacienty MeSH
• rektum MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Londýn MeSH