Previous research demonstrated that there are observable sex differences in developing muscle fatigue when mental task during fatiguing activity is present; however, there is no available review on this matter. Therefore, this review aimed to summarize the findings of previous studies investigating the effect of mental task on muscle fatigue in men and women. To conduct the review, we utilized searches using the electronic databases Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCO Cinahl Ultimate. The studies included had no limited publication date and examined the effects of mental task on muscle fatigue in a healthy adult population of any age. The evaluation was performed using the following criteria: time to failure, or subjective scale in various modifications (visual analog scale-VAS, rate of perceived effort-RPE, rate of perceived fatigue-RPF, rate of perceived discomfort-RPD). A total of seven studies met the set criteria, which were subsequently analyzed. Heavy mental task (more demanding math tasks) can reduce the time to failure for both men and women, with the reduction being more pronounced for women than for men. For light mental task (simple math tasks), no reduction in time to failure was observed to a great extent. The mental task in any of the included studies did not affect the subjective perception of fatigue, effort, discomfort, or pain. Although the studies investigating the effect of mental task on sex differences in muscle fatigability are limited, based on our findings we can assume that in jobs requiring heavier mental task, women may be more prone to the faster development of muscle fatigue; thus, employers might consider paying attention to the possibility of adequate rest.

• Klíčová slova
• fatigue, gender differences, mental task, muscle fatigue, sex differences,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kosterní svaly * fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus * MeSH
• svalová únava fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the spectral power of the cortical bands in patients with first episode schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder at rest and during the performance of a mental arithmetic task. METHODS: We analyzed EEG spectral power (SP) in the resting state and subsequently while counting down from 200 in steps of 7, in 32 first episode schizophrenia patients (SZ), 32 patients with first episode schizoaffective disorder (SA) and healthy controls (HC, n=40). Behavioral parameters such as accuracy and counting speed were also evaluated. RESULTS: Both SZ and SA patients were slower in counting than HC, no difference was obtained in the accuracy and counting speed in the patient groups. In the resting state patients showed elevated midline theta power, off-midline anterior beta 2 power and decreased central/posterior alpha power. The SA group occupied an intermediate position between the schizophrenia patients and controls. In task performance patients lacked a typical increase of midline theta, left anterior beta 2, and anterior gamma power; however, schizoaffective patients demonstrated a growing trend of power in the gamma band in left anterior off-midline sites similar to HC. Moreover, alpha power was less inhibited in schizoaffective patients and more pronounced in schizophrenia patients indicating distinct inhibitory mechanisms in these psychotic disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with SA demonstrate less alteration in the spectral power of bands at rest than SZ, and present spectral power changes during cognitive task performance close to the controls. SIGNIFICANCE: Our study contributes to the present evidence on the neurophysiological distinction between schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder.

• Klíčová slova
• EEG spectral power, First psychotic episode, Mental arithmetic task, Resting state, Schizoaffective disorder, Schizophrenia,
• MeSH
• alfa rytmus EEG fyziologie   MeSH
• beta rytmus EEG fyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektroencefalografie * MeSH
• kognice fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mapování mozku MeSH
• matematika * MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• odpočinek fyziologie   MeSH
• plnění a analýza úkolů * MeSH
• psychotické poruchy patofyziologie   MeSH
• schizofrenie patofyziologie   MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• theta rytmus EEG fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the coherence values of the cortical bands in patients with first episode schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder during the performance of a mental arithmetic task. METHOD: We analysed EEG coherence in the resting state and subsequently while counting down from 200 in steps of 7 in 32 first episode schizophrenia patients (SZ), 32 patients with first episode schizoaffective disorder (SA) and 40 healthy controls (HC). RESULTS: Task performance in HC is characterised by decreased coherence in the alpha bands and increased coherence in the beta 2 and gamma bands in frontal sites. In SZ, coherence decreases in the alpha band, whereas in SA it substantially increases in the alpha, beta1, beta 2 and gamma bands. CONCLUSIONS: Despite no differences in performance on a behavioural level, SA patients demonstrate a paradoxical increase in both low and fast frequency bands during the performance of a mental arithmetic task, while, patients with SZ show a decreased coherence in the alpha band, presumably alluding to the excessive excitatory (in SA) and inhibitory (in SZ) mechanisms in cognitive processing. SIGNIFICANCE: The current study provides evidence for the distinction of neurophysiological mechanisms of cognitive processing between SZ and SA.

• Klíčová slova
• EEG coherence, First psychotic episode, Mental arithmetic task, Resting state, Schizoaffective disorder, Schizophrenia,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• inteligenční testy MeSH
• kognice * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• matematika MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mozkové vlny * MeSH
• psychotické poruchy patofyziologie   MeSH
• schizofrenie patofyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

This study examined the role of advance expectations in generating relevance-based selection, using a version of cognitive "blindness" that is driven solely by task relevance. With this irrelevance-induced blindness, participants often fail to report a feature of an irrelevant stimulus, even though the levels of perceptual and cognitive load are minimal (i.e., capacity limitations are not met). Hence, with this phenomenon, selection is based solely on task relevance. In two experiments, we examined such relevance-based selection with a new paradigm in which the participants had to report the location of an object appearing on one of two rings. Critically, while in Experiment 1 the participants could form advance expectations regarding the (ir) relevant stimuli, because the location of the relevant ring and the shape and color of the relevant object were known in advance, in Experiment 2 no concrete advance expectations could be formed. This was established by varying randomly, from trial to trial, the shape, color, and location of relevant and irrelevant stimuli. We found strong irrelevance-induced blindness in both experiments, regardless of whether or not advance expectations were formed. These findings suggest that advance expectations, at least with regard to the task-relevant stimulus' location shape or color, are not necessary for irrelevance-induced blindness to occur; more generally, this implies that such expectations do not play a critical role in selection processes that are based solely on task relevance. We further discuss these findings in the context of Garnerian and Posnerian selection, and their relationship to visual awareness.

• Klíčová slova
• Consciousness, Relevance, Selective attention, Visual awareness,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• motivace * MeSH
• plnění a analýza úkolů MeSH
• pozornost * MeSH
• uvědomování si * MeSH
• zraková percepce * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH

Different mental operations were expected in the late phase of intracerebral ERPs obtained in the visual oddball task with mental counting. Therefore we searched for late divergences of target and nontarget ERPs followed by components exceeding the temporal window of the P300 wave. Electrical activity from 152 brain regions of 14 epileptic patients was recorded by means of depth electrodes. Average target and nontarget records from 1800 ms long EEG periods free of epileptic activity were compared. Late divergence preceded by almost identical course of the target and nontarget ERPs was found in 16 brain regions of 6 patients. The mean latency of the divergence point was 570+/-93 ms after the stimulus onset. The target post-divergence section of the ERP differed from the nontarget one by opposite polarity, different latency of the components, or even different number of the components. Generators of post-divergence ERP components were found in the parahippocampal gyrus, superior, middle and inferior temporal gyri, amygdala, and fronto-orbital cortex. Finding of late divergence indicates that functional differences exist even not sooner than during the final phase of the task.

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• duševní procesy * MeSH
• elektroencefalografie MeSH
• epilepsie patofyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• kognitivní evokované potenciály P300 MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• matematické pojmy MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mozek patofyziologie   MeSH
• mozkové vlny MeSH
• plnění a analýza úkolů MeSH
• reakční čas MeSH
• světelná stimulace MeSH
• zraková percepce * MeSH
• zrakové evokované potenciály * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• diferenční práh MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• oční fixace MeSH
• plnění a analýza úkolů MeSH
• pohyby očí * MeSH
• pozornost * MeSH
• světelná stimulace MeSH
• světlo MeSH
• vnímání tvaru MeSH
• zraková percepce * MeSH
• zraková pole MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Cognitive tests are used repeatedly to assess the treatment response or progression of cognitive disorders. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a valid screening test for mild cognitive impairment. The aim of our study was to establish 90% reliable change indices (RCI) for the MoCA together with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in cognitively healthy older adults. METHOD: We analyzed 197 cognitively healthy and functional independent volunteers aged 60-94 years, who met strict inclusion criteria for four consecutive years. The RCI methods by Chelune and Hsu were used. RESULTS: For 1, 2, and 3 years, the 90% RCI for MoCA using Chelune's formula were -4 ≤, ≥4; -4 ≤, ≥4 and -5 ≤, ≥4 points, respectively, and -3 ≤, ≥3 for the MMSE each year. Ninety percent RCI for MoCA using Hsu's formula ranged from -6 to 0, respectively, and +3 to +8 dependent on the baseline MoCA. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated RCI for the MoCA and MMSE in a 3-year time period that can be used for the estimation of cognitive decline or improvement in clinical settings. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

• Klíčová slova
• aging, cognition, reliability and validity,
• MeSH
• analýza rozptylu MeSH
• geriatrické hodnocení metody   MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce diagnóza   MeSH
• krátká psychiatrická posuzovací škála MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy * MeSH
• progrese nemoci MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• testy pro posouzení mentálních funkcí a demence * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

Paced Auditory Serial-Addition Task (PASAT) is a complex task commonly used to examine patients with diffuse brain damage. A visual version of the neuropsychological test (Paced Visual Serial-Addition Task, PVSAT) has also been introduced to clinical practice, and both versions were adapted to be used in neuroimaging, namely functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The aim of our work was direct comparison of auditory and visual versions of the paced serial addition test (PASAT/PVSAT) in a within-subject and within-session study and description of the commonalities and differences in both activated and deactivated brain regions. Twenty young adult right-handed healthy volunteers participated in the study and underwent whole-brain fMRI examination during PASAT and PVSAT performance. Higher-level statistical analysis was performed to generate group mean activation and deactivation maps for both tasks, their conjunctions and differences across modalities. In PASAT/PVSAT activation conjunction analysis, we confirmed the existence of a modality-independent neural network similar to working memory tasks and to previous PASAT or PVSAT studies. In PASAT/PVSAT deactivation conjunction analysis, we observed a rather symmetrical extensive pattern of deactivated regions, overlapping the default mode network. Significant differences between PASAT and PVSAT were found in the right frontal eye field (FEF) and bilaterally in the striate and extrastriate cortices. Activation in one task and deactivation in the other jointly contributed to significant differences in all occipital and occipitotemporal regions. Both tasks activated right FEF, but activation during PASAT was significantly stronger than during PVSAT. Between-modality differences should be considered when preparing and interpreting neuroimaging experiments.

• Klíčová slova
• PASAT, PVSAT, deactivation, default mode network, fMRI, verbal working memory,
• MeSH
• akustická stimulace * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kognice fyziologie   MeSH
• krátkodobá paměť fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mozek fyziologie   MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• plnění a analýza úkolů MeSH
• pozornost fyziologie   MeSH
• světelná stimulace * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

It is accepted that the formulation of the motor program in the brain is not only the perceptual and motor function but also the cognitive one. Therefore it is not surprising that the execution of saccadic eye movements can by substantially affected be the on-going mental activity of a given person. Not only the distribution of attention, but also the focusing the attention may influence the main gain of saccades, their accuracy. Patients suffering from mental disorders have strongly engaged their attention focused at their mental processes. The nature of their problems may be linked to perceptual and/or analytical processing. Such so-called mental set may significantly affect their oculomotor activity in the course of their saccadic eye movement examinations. This short comment points out not only to the influence of the contextually guided and generated saccadic eye movements upon their accuracy but also to the distribution and focusing the attention. The effect of the functional brain asymmetry upon the visually generated saccades and the possible effect of biologically active substances upon the voluntary generated saccades are briefly mentioned. All these influences should be taken into account when planning the saccadic eye movement task. It may be concluded that the repetition of the same oculomotor task in a given person has to be introduced. This may help to follow the effect of complex therapy namely.

• MeSH
• duševní poruchy komplikace   patofyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• modely neurologické MeSH
• mozek patofyziologie   MeSH
• poruchy hybnosti oka etiologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• pozornost MeSH
• psychomotorický výkon MeSH
• sakadické oční pohyby * MeSH
• zraková percepce MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Present study was aimed to investigate sympathetic responses to mental stress with hypothesis that the presence of obesity in patients with hypertension has a modifying effect. Young male subjects, 8 with hypertension grade I, with BMI 25 kg/m(2) (HT), 10 with hypertension grade I, and BMI 30 kg/m(2) (HT OB), 14 healthy controls with BMI 30 kg/m(2) (OB), and 13 healthy controls with BMI 25 kg/m(2) (C) underwent the Stroop test. ECG was recorded continuously to evaluate heart rate variability (HRV). Blood pressure (BP) and catecholamine concentrations were measured at baseline, at the end of mental stress test and 15 min thereafter. Patients with HT demonstrated increased adrenaline concentrations and enhanced stress-induced noradrenaline release compared to that in healthy controls. In obese subjects, stress-induced increase of systolicBP was lower compared to lean individuals. Stress exposure induced a significant rise in the low frequency power component of HRV, however the increase was lower in the HT OB group compared to C. Obesity in patients with hypertension did not lead to a different reaction in comparison with lean hypertensive subjects. The present data demonstrate higher sympathoadrenal activity in early-stage of hypertension. Obesity is connected with higher resting systolicBP and modifies the HRV response to mental stress.

• MeSH
• adrenalin krev   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektrokardiografie MeSH
• hypertenze komplikace   patofyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• kardiovaskulární systém patofyziologie   MeSH
• krevní tlak MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• obezita komplikace   patofyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• psychický stres patofyziologie   MeSH
• srdeční frekvence MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• sympatický nervový systém patofyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adrenalin MeSH