Dealing with the islanded operation of a microgrid (MG), the micro sources must cooperate autonomously to regulate the voltage and frequency of the local power grid. Droop controller-based primary control is a method typically used to self-regulate voltage and frequency. The first problem of the droop method is that in a steady state, the microgrid's frequency and voltage deviate from their nominal values. The second concerns the power-sharing issue related to mismatched power line impedances between Distribution Generators (DGs) and MGs. A Secondary Control Unit (SCU) must be used as a high-level controller for droop-based primary control to address the first problem. This paper proposed a decentralized SCU scheme to deal with this issue using optimized PI controllers based on a Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). The GA provides the appropriate adjustment parameters for all adopted PI controllers in the primary control-based voltage and current control loops and SCU-based voltage and frequency loops. ANNs are additionally activated in SCUs to provide precise online control parameter modification. In the proposed control structure, a virtual impedance method is adopted in the primary control scheme to address the power-sharing problem of parallel DGs. Further, in this paper, one of the main objectives includes electricity transmission over long distances using Low-Voltage DC Transmission (LVDCT) systems to reduce power losses and eradicate reactive power problems. Voltage Source Inverters (VSIs) are adopted to convert the DC electrical energy into AC near the consumer loads. The simulation results illustrated the feasibility of the proposed solutions in restoring voltage and frequency deviations, reducing line losses, as well as achieving active and reactive power sharing among the DGs connected to the MG.

• Klíčová slova
• artificial neural network, distribution generators, genetic algorithm, microgrid, power sharing, secondary control, virtual impedance,
• MeSH
• elektrická impedance MeSH
• elektřina * MeSH
• neuronové sítě MeSH
• počítačová simulace MeSH
• zdroje elektrické energie * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Air-pollution-control (APC) residues are among the most toxic waste materials from secondary Pb metallurgy. Two distinct APC residues collected from bag-type filters of one Czech secondary Pb smelter were subjected to leaching experiments to determine the mineralogical and geochemical controls on leaching of metallic contaminants (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn). A kinetic 720-h leaching test in deionized water at a liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio of 10 L kg(-1) and a 48-h leaching test at various L/S ratios (0.5, 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 L kg(-1)) were performed and coupled with the mineralogical investigation of solid residues (TEM/EDS, XRD) and PHREEQC-2 speciation-solubility modeling. The rapid release of contaminants into the solution at all the L/S ratios showed the rapid dissolution of primary phases. The leaching at high L/S ratios, representing long-term predictions of leaching behavior, showed that primary alkaline sulfates and chlorides (Na3Pb2(S04)3Cl and KCl.2PbCl2) were dissolved and anglesite (PbSO4) was formed as their final and stable alteration product. Primary amorphous PbSO3 partly crystallized during leaching and oxidized to anglesite. These results are consistent with the mineralogical investigation of soils exposed for decades to Pb smelter emissions, where only anglesite was detected. The leaching experiments showed thatwashing residues at L/S >50 accompanied by spontaneous anglesite precipitation can be an alternative for improved technological treatment of these residues. Although this process would require further treatment of contaminated effluent, the newly precipitated anglesite is more favorable than the primary APC residue phases for an efficient metallurgical recovery of Pb.

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• hutnictví přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• kinetika MeSH
• kovy izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• minerály analýza   MeSH
• olovo izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• rozpustnost MeSH
• transmisní elektronová mikroskopie MeSH
• zdraví MeSH
• životní prostředí MeSH
• znečištění ovzduší * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kovy MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch MeSH
• minerály MeSH
• olovo MeSH

Environments in the vicinity of the lead (Pb) smelters are contaminated by emissions containing high concentrations of antimony (Sb) and arsenic (As). Air-pollution-control (APC) residues from bag-type filters from a secondary Pb smelter were subjected to leaching experiments to elucidate the controlling mechanisms of Sb and As release. Kinetic batch leaching tests at a liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio of 10 L kg(- 1) within the time frame of 720 hours and batch leaching at various L/S ratios (ranging from 1 to 1000 L kg(-1)) were performed. In contrast to other inorganic contaminants (Pb, Cd, Zn), less than 1% of the total Sb and As content was leached from the residues. At a L/S ratio of 10, the As and Sb concentrations in the leachates exceeded the EU limit values for non-hazardous waste (0.2 and 0.07 mg L(-1) ). According to PHREEQC-2 calculations, the concentrations of As and Sb are controlled by the precipitation of complex arsenates and antimonates mainly at low L/S ratios. The washing and related chemical/mineralogical transformation of APC residues was suggested as a technological pre-treatment process before their re-smelting in a blast furnace. The Ferrox-like processing of the resulting contaminated process water/leachate was simulated using the PHREEQC-2 code. Significant reduction was obtained in the concentration of some key contaminants (As, Cu, Pb, Zn) related to sorption on newly formed hydrous ferric oxides, whereas Sb and Cd exhibited only limited attenuation.

• MeSH
• antimon analýza   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• arsen analýza   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• hutnictví * MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch analýza   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• olovo analýza   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• průmyslový odpad prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• spalování odpadů MeSH
• těžké kovy analýza   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antimon MeSH
• arsen MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch MeSH
• olovo MeSH
• průmyslový odpad MeSH
• těžké kovy MeSH

Secondary uveitic glaucoma is a serious sight-threatening complication of intraocular inflammation (uveitis). It develops in approximately 10-20% of patients with uveitis (although this figure may be higher depending on the type of inflammation). It is more commonly associated with chronic forms of uveitis, especially anterior uveitis. Elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) and the development of secondary glaucoma arise as a direct or indirect consequence of uveitis, and may develop further in association with therapy for intraocular inflammation. Several types of uveitic glaucoma are distinguished according to the mechanism of development: open-angle secondary glaucoma (including steroid-induced secondary glaucoma), angle-closure secondary glaucoma, and a combination of both. It is necessary to determine the pathogenesis of uveitis and target the treatment of the inflammatory process according to it. Subsequently, it is necessary to determine the type of secondary glaucoma, which influences the choice of therapy. Compensation for IOP should be achieved as quickly as possible, before irreversible damage to the optic nerve and visual field occurs. In the first instance, we choose conservative pharmacological therapy. However, this therapy fails more often in secondary uveitic glaucoma than in primary open-angle glaucoma. For this reason, surgical or laser therapy is necessary for refractory glaucoma. Trabeculectomy remains the gold standard in surgical therapy for secondary uveitic glaucoma, but other surgical techniques can also be used (Ahmed drainage implants, goniotomy in the paediatric population, surgical iridectomy, and synechiae for angle closure etc.). The choice of method is individualised according to the clinical findings of the patient and previous ocular procedures. However, the main factor influencing the success and efficacy of filtration surgery is adequate therapy and control of the intraocular inflammatory process.

• Klíčová slova
• Uveitis, secondary uveitic glaucoma, therapy of secondary uveitic glaucoma, uveitis,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• glaukom s otevřeným úhlem * MeSH
• glaukom s uzavřeným úhlem * MeSH
• glaukom * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nitrooční tlak MeSH
• trabekulektomie * MeSH
• zánět MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The mineralogy and solubility of air-pollution-control (APC) residues from a secondary lead (Pb) smelter have been studied on samples from the Príbram smelter, Czech Republic, recycling car batteries, with the emphasis on their potential environmental effect. The presence of dominant anglesite (PbSO4) and laurionite (Pb(OH)Cl) was observed in a sintered residue from after-burning chambers (800-1000 degrees C). In contrast, low-temperature Pb-bearing phases, such as KCl x 2PbCl2 and caracolite (Na3Pb2(SO4)3Cl), were detected in the major APC residue from bag-type fabric filters. Metallic elements, zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and tin (Sn) were found homogeneously distributed within this residue. The formation of anglesite, cotunnite (PbCl2), (Zn,Cd)2SnO4, and (Sb,As)2O3 was observed during the sintering of this APC residue at 500 degrees C in a rotary furnace. The 168 h leaching test on filter residue, representing the fraction that may escape the flue gas treatment system, indicated rapid release of Pb and other contaminants. Caracolite and KCl x 2PbCl2 are significantly dissolved, and anglesite and cotunnite form the alteration products, as was confirmed by mineralogical analysis and PHREEQC-2 modeling. The observed Pb-bearing chlorides have significantly higher solubility than anglesite and, following emission from the smelter stack, can readily dissolve, transferring Pb into the environmental milieu (soils, water, inhabited areas).

• MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch chemie   MeSH
• mikroanalýza elektronovou sondou MeSH
• mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
• olovo * MeSH
• průmysl MeSH
• transmisní elektronová mikroskopie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující vzduch MeSH
• olovo * MeSH

Current recommendations do not specifically address the optimal blood pressure (BP) reduction for secondary stroke prevention in patients with previous cerebrovascular events. We conducted a systematic review and metaregression analysis on the association of BP reduction with recurrent stroke and cardiovascular events using data from randomized controlled clinical trials of secondary stroke prevention. For all reported events during each eligible study period, we calculated the corresponding risk ratios to express the comparison of event occurrence risk between patients randomized to antihypertensive treatment and those randomized to placebo. On the basis of the reported BP values, we performed univariate metaregression analyses according to the achieved BP values under the random-effects model (Method of Moments) for those adverse events reported in ≥10 total subgroups of included randomized controlled clinical trials. In pairwise meta-analyses, antihypertensive treatment lowered the risk for recurrent stroke (risk ratio, 0.73; 95% confidence interval, 0.62-0.87; P<0.001), disabling or fatal stroke (risk ratio, 0.71; 95% confidence interval, 0.59-0.85; P<0.001), and cardiovascular death (risk ratio, 0.85; 95% confidence interval, 0.75-0.96; P=0.01). In metaregression analyses, systolic BP reduction was linearly related to the lower risk of recurrent stroke (P=0.049), myocardial infarction (P=0.024), death from any cause (P=0.001), and cardiovascular death (P<0.001). Similarly, diastolic BP reduction was linearly related to a lower risk of recurrent stroke (P=0.026) and all-cause mortality (P=0.009). Funnel plot inspection and Egger statistical test revealed no evidence of publication bias. The extent of BP reduction is linearly associated with the magnitude of risk reduction in recurrent cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events. Strict and aggressive BP control seems to be essential for effective secondary stroke prevention.

• Klíčová slova
• antihypertensive agents, blood pressure, meta-analysis, regression analysis, stroke,
• MeSH
• cévní mozková příhoda etiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• chování snižující riziko * MeSH
• hypertenze komplikace   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• hypoglykemika terapeutické užití   MeSH
• krevní tlak fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie jako téma * MeSH
• sekundární prevence metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• metaanalýza MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH
• Názvy látek
• hypoglykemika MeSH

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to ascertain way in which conventional risk factors, readiness to modify behaviour and to comply with recommended medication, and the effect of this medication were associated with education in patients with established coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS: The EUROASPIRE IV (EUROpean Action on Secondary Prevention by Intervention to Reduce Events) study was a cross-sectional survey undertaken in 24 European countries to ascertain how recommendations on secondary CHD prevention are being followed in clinical practice. Consecutive patients, men and women ≤80 years of age who had been hospitalized for an acute coronary syndrome or revascularization procedure, were identified retrospectively. Data were collected through an interview with examinations at least six months and no later than three years after hospitalization. RESULTS: A total of 7937 patients (1934 (24.37%) women) were evaluated. Patients with primary education were older, with a larger proportion of women. Control of risk factors, as defined by Joint European Societies 4 and 5 guidelines, was significantly better with higher education for current smoking (p = 0.001), overweight and obesity (p = 0.047 and p = 0.029, respectively), low physical activity (p < 0.001) and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (p = 0.011) in men, and for obesity (p = 0.005), high blood pressure (p < 0.005 and p < 0.001), low physical activity (p = 0.001), diabetes (p < 0.001) and low HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.023) in women. Patients with primary and secondary education were more often treated with diuretics and antidiabetic drugs. Better control of hypertension was achieved in patients with higher education. CONCLUSION: Particular risk communication and control are needed in secondary CHD prevention for patients with lower educational status.

• Klíčová slova
• Coronary heart disease, EUROASPIRE IV, coronary heart disease risk factors, educational level, guidelines, risk factors control, secondary coronary heart disease prevention,
• MeSH
• hodnocení rizik * MeSH
• koronární nemoc epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   psychologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• morbidita trendy   MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• sekundární prevence metody   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• zdravotnické přehledy * MeSH
• životní styl * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH

AIMS: This study investigated the insecticidal activity of cell-free supernatants (CFS) from 36 Xenorhabdus bacterial strains that produce various compounds that protect insect cadavers from competing organisms. METHODS AND RESULTS: The CFS were tested on Myzus persicae aphids by determining the number of live and dead individuals on the treated leaves over 5 days. The results showed considerable variability in the effects of the different bacterial strains, but CFS from many bacterial strains significantly increased aphid mortality. The strongest insecticidal effects were observed with X. bovienii (strains JAKUT, JAKUBSF, PARIS4), X. budapestensis (CHIN), X. khoisanae (SGI197, NGWA7), X. nematophila (EGY4, EGY2), X. poinarii (FL10.2), and P. luminescens (09.43). For some of these strains, the effect remained detectable even after 75% and 50% dilution, albeit at a lower intensity. Other CFS were less effective in killing aphids, but some of them appeared to inhibit the development of aphids, resulting in lower population increase. CONCLUSION: CFS from certain Xenorhabdus strains show strong insecticidal activity against M. persicae, emphasizing their potential as bio-based pesticides.

• Klíčová slova
• Steinernema, Xenorhabdus, biological control, cell-free supernatants (CFS), secondary metabolites,
• MeSH
• biologická kontrola škůdců * metody   MeSH
• insekticidy * farmakologie   MeSH
• mšice * virologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Photorhabdus * metabolismus   MeSH
• Xenorhabdus * metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• insekticidy * MeSH

Duckworth and Seligman's seminal work found that self-discipline (self-control) was more salient for academic achievement than intelligence. Very little replication work exists, including in different cultures; the current study addressed these gaps. Data were collected from 6th and 7th grade cohorts of early adolescents (N = 589; age: Mean = 12.34 years, and SD = 0.89; 58% female) over two years. The study tested whether self-control was a stronger predictor than intelligence in explaining academic performance two years later as well as in explaining developmental changes over the course of two years. Path analyses provided evidence that both self-control and intelligence longitudinally predicted teacher-reported academic competence as well as school-reported grades; however, intelligence was a significantly stronger predictor than self-control. In addition, only intelligence predicted developmental changes in each measure of academic performance over time, self-control did not.

• Klíčová slova
• Academic achievement, Individual differences, Intelligence, Schools, Self-discipline,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• inteligence MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• sebekontrola * MeSH
• školní úspěšnost * MeSH
• školy MeSH
• stupeň vzdělání MeSH
• úspěšnost MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVES: It is evident that patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease (AVD) benefit from appropriate secondary prevention. In clinical reality, the secondary prevention in AVD patients other than those with coronary heart disease (CHD) is often overlooked. Therefore, we compared the adherence to secondary prevention principles between poststroke and CHD patients. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive (cross-sectional) study with prospective mortality follow-up. METHODS: We examined 1729 chronic patients with AVD (mean age 65.9 (±SD 9.6) years), 964 with CHD, and 765 poststroke (pooled data of Czech samples of EUROASPIRE III, IV, and the ESH stroke survey). The interview was performed 6-36 months after the coronary event/revascularization or the first ischemic stroke, while the mortality follow-up 5 years after this interview. RESULTS: Poststroke patients had a significantly higher risk of persistent smoking, blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg and LDL ≥2.5 mmol/L than CHD patients [odds ratios adjusted for age, gender and survey were 1.63 (95% CI: 1.13-2.33), 1.38 (95% CI: 1.13-1.69) and 2.26 (95% CI: 1.84-2.78), respectively]. In contrast, poststroke patients showed a lower risk of inappropriate glucose control and hypertriglyceridemia [0.66 (95%CI: 0.54-0.82) and 0.74 (95%CI: 0.61-0.91), respectively]. The prescription rates of antiplatelets/anticoagulants, antihypertensives and statins were also significantly lower in poststroke than in CHD patients (89.4 vs 93.7, 85.9 vs 97.5, and 57.7 vs 89.8, respectively). Mortality analysis was performed in a subsample of 815 subjects interviewed in 2006/07. The 5-year all-cause mortality rates were 25.8% and 13.3% in poststroke and coronary patients, respectively (P = 0.0023); the hazard ratio for stroke adjusted for major risk factors was 1.85 (95% CI: 1.31-2.63). CONCLUSIONS: Compared to CHD patients, poststroke patients are strongly handicapped in terms of poor adherence to secondary prevention target, prescription of basic pharmacotherapies and mortality risk.

• Klíčová slova
• Coronary heart disease, ESH stroke survey, EUROASPIRE, Ischemic stroke, Secondary prevention,
• MeSH
• adherence pacienta statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• antihypertenziva terapeutické užití   MeSH
• antikoagulancia terapeutické užití   MeSH
• cévní mozková příhoda prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• inhibitory agregace trombocytů terapeutické užití   MeSH
• koronární nemoc prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• krevní tlak MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• proporcionální rizikové modely MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• sekundární prevence * MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• statiny terapeutické užití   MeSH
• zdravotnické přehledy MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antihypertenziva MeSH
• antikoagulancia MeSH
• inhibitory agregace trombocytů MeSH
• statiny MeSH