Our previous studies showed that the nootropic drug Cerebrolysin, applied immediately after the traumatic or excitotoxic brain lesion influenced spatial learning and memory. Long-lasting ameliorative effect of Cerebrolysin was found after its 4-week-administration, while two-week-treatment had only temporal effect. With the aim to verify the capability of Cerebrolysin to restore chronically deteriorated learning and memory. The drug was applied 4 months after lesioning the rat's CNS. The present study shows that Cerebrolysin restored learning capability of the lesioned rats. Although their spatial memory was improved in comparison to lesion untreated controls, it did not reach the level of intact controls. The effect was more pronounced after the application of 1.25 ml/kg b. w. of Cerebrolysin than after the application of 2.5 ml/kg b. w.

• MeSH
• aminokyseliny terapeutické užití   MeSH
• chování zvířat účinky léků   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• nootropní látky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• poranění mozku komplikace   patologie   psychologie   MeSH
• poruchy paměti farmakoterapie   etiologie   MeSH
• poruchy učení farmakoterapie   etiologie   MeSH
• potkani Long-Evans MeSH
• vnímání prostoru účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aminokyseliny MeSH
• cerebrolysin MeSH Prohlížeč
• nootropní látky MeSH

ADHD is a common chronic neurodevelopmental disorder and is characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity and are often accompanied by learning and memory impairment. Great evidence has shown that learning and memory impairment of ADHD plays an important role in its executive function deficits, which seriously affects the development of academic, cognitive and daily social skills and will cause a serious burden on families and society. With the increasing attention paid to learning and memory impairment in ADHD, relevant research is gradually increasing. In this article, we will present the current research results of learning and memory impairment in ADHD from the following aspects. Firstly, the animal models of ADHD, which display the core symptoms of ADHD as well as with learning and memory impairment. Secondly, the molecular mechanism of has explored, including some neurotransmitters, receptors, RNAs, etc. Thirdly, the susceptibility gene of ADHD related to the learning and impairment in order to have a more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis. Key words: Learning and memory, ADHD, Review.

• MeSH
• hyperkinetická porucha * psychologie   genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• paměť MeSH
• poruchy paměti * psychologie   etiologie   MeSH
• poruchy učení psychologie   etiologie   MeSH
• učení MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Baclofen is the only clinically available metabotropic GABA(B) receptor agonist. In our experiment, we tested the hypothesis that long-term baclofen administration can impair learning and memory in rats. The experiment consisted of three parts. In the first part of the study the drug was administered simultaneously with the beginning of the behavioral tests. In the second and third part of the experiment baclofen was administered daily for 14 days and for one month before the tests. In each part of the experiment, adult rats were randomly divided into four treatment groups. Three groups were given an injection of baclofen at doses of 1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, while the fourth group was injected with saline. The injections were given after each session. Spatial learning and memory were tested using the Morris water maze, involving three types of tests: Acquisition, Probe, and Re-acquisition. This work reveals that baclofen did not affect spatial learning at any of the tested doses and regardless of the length of administration. Memory was observed to be affected, but only at the highest dose of baclofen and only temporarily. This conclusion is in line with previously published clinical cases.

• MeSH
• agonisté receptorů GABA-B aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• baklofen aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• bludiště - učení účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• paměť účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• prostorové učení účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• rozvrh dávkování léků MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• agonisté receptorů GABA-B MeSH
• baklofen MeSH

In this study, tetrodotoxin (TTX) inactivation was employed to evaluate the involvement of the rat's orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in hippocampus-dependent spatial memory using Morris water maze (MWM) and place avoidance learning (PAL) tasks. In Experiment 1, rats trained in MWM task with two blocks of four trials per day for 3 consecutive days received bilateral injections of either TTX or saline into the OFC 60 min before each daily training session. The acquisition of spatial memory was evaluated 24h after the last training day and it was shown an impairment by the TTX. In Experiment 2, bilateral intra-OFC injections of TTX or saline were made immediately after two blocks of four trials. Testing 24h later, it was revealed that TTX also impairs spatial memory consolidation. In Experiments 3 and 4, rats were trained in a single 30-min session to avoid a 60 degrees segment of the stable circular (80-cm diameter) arena, entering which was punished by a mild shock (PAL task) and retention was tested 24h later in a 30-min extinction session. Bilateral injections of TTX or saline were made into the OFC 60 min before training or immediately after training. Again, TTX impaired the place avoidance retention when it was injected into the OFC either before (acquisition phase) or after (consolidation phase) training. These findings indicate that functional integrity of the OFC is necessary for both the acquisition and the consolidation of hippocampus-dependent spatial memory in rats.

• MeSH
• anestetika lokální MeSH
• čelní lalok fyziologie   MeSH
• diskriminační učení fyziologie   MeSH
• fenoly MeSH
• hipokampus fyziologie   MeSH
• hydrazony MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• nervové dráhy fyziologie   MeSH
• paměť fyziologie   MeSH
• poruchy paměti chemicky indukované   patofyziologie   MeSH
• potkani Long-Evans MeSH
• tetrodotoxin MeSH
• učení vyhýbat se fyziologie   MeSH
• vnímání prostoru fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone MeSH Prohlížeč
• anestetika lokální MeSH
• fenoly MeSH
• hydrazony MeSH
• tetrodotoxin MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Cognitive deficit is considered to be a characteristic feature of schizophrenia disorder. A similar cognitive dysfunction was demonstrated in animal models of schizophrenia. However, the poor comparability of methods used to assess cognition in animals and humans could be responsible for low predictive validity of current animal models. In order to assess spatial abilities in schizophrenia and compare our results with the data obtained in animal models, we designed a virtual analog of the Morris water maze (MWM), the virtual Four Goals Navigation (vFGN) task. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients after the first psychotic episode with schizophrenia symptoms and a matched group of healthy volunteers performed the vFGN task. They were required to find and remember four hidden goal positions in an enclosed virtual arena. The task consisted of two parts. The Reference memory (RM) session with a stable goal position was designed to test spatial learning. The Delayed-matching-to-place (DMP) session presented a modified working memory protocol designed to test the ability to remember a sequence of three hidden goal positions. RESULTS: Data obtained in the RM session show impaired spatial learning in schizophrenia patients compared to the healthy controls in pointing and navigation accuracy. The DMP session showed impaired spatial memory in schizophrenia during the recall of spatial sequence and a similar deficit in spatial bias in the probe trials. The pointing accuracy and the quadrant preference showed higher sensitivity toward the cognitive deficit than the navigation accuracy. Direct navigation to the goal was affected by sex and age of the tested subjects. The age affected spatial performance only in healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: Despite some limitations of the study, our results correspond well with the previous studies in animal models of schizophrenia and support the decline of spatial cognition in schizophrenia, indicating the usefulness of the vFGN task in comparative research.

• Klíčová slova
• Morris Water Maze (MWM), cognitive deficit, learning and memory, psychotic disorders, schizophrenia, spatial behavior, spatial navigation, virtual reality environment,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Psychostimulants, including methamphetamine (MA), have neurotoxic effect, especially, if they are targeting CNS during its critical periods of development. The present study was aimed to examine cognitive changes after prenatal and neonatal MA treatment in combination with chronic MA exposure in adulthood of male rats. Eight groups of male rats were tested in adulthood: males whose mothers were exposed to MA (5 mg/kg) or saline (SA, 1 ml/kg) during the first half of gestation period (GD 1-11), the second half of gestation period (GD 12-22) and neonatal period (PD 1-11). In addition, we compared indirect neonatal application via the breast milk with the group of rat pups that received MA or SA directly by injection (PD 1-11). Males were tested in adulthood for cognitive changes in the Morris Water Maze (MWM). MWM experiment lasted for 12 days: Learning (Day 1-6), Probe test (Day 8) and Retrieval Memory test (Day 12). Each day of the MWM animals were injected with MA (1 mg/kg) or SA (1 ml/kg). Prenatal MA exposure did not induce changes in learning abilities of male rats, but neonatal exposure to MA leads to an increase search errors and latencies to find the hidden platform. Prenatal and also neonatal MA exposure impaired cognitive ability to remember the position of the platform in Retrieval Memory test in adulthood. Animals exposed to the prenatal treatment within the second half of gestation (ED 12-22) swam longer, slower and spent more time to find the hidden platform in Retrieval Memory test than animals exposed throughout other periods. The present study demonstrated that stage of development is crucial for determination the cognitive deficits induced by prenatal or neonatal MA exposure.

• MeSH
• bludiště - učení účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• methamfetamin aplikace a dávkování   toxicita   MeSH
• novorozená zvířata MeSH
• paměť účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• prostorové učení účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• zpožděný efekt prenatální expozice chemicky indukované   psychologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• methamfetamin MeSH

Age-related hearing loss is linked to cognitive impairment, but the mechanisms that relate to these conditions remain unclear. Evidence shows that the activation of medial olivocochlear (MOC) neurons delays cochlear aging and hearing loss. Consequently, the loss of MOC function may be related to cognitive impairment. The α9/α10 nicotinic receptor is the main target of cholinergic synapses between the MOC neurons and cochlear outer hair cells. Here, we explored spatial learning and memory performance in middle-aged wild-type (WT) and α9-nAChR subunit knock-out (KO) mice using the Barnes maze and measured auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds and the number of cochlear hair cells as a proxy of cochlear aging. Our results show non-significant spatial learning differences between WT and KO mice, but KO mice had a trend of increased latency to enter the escape box and freezing time. To test a possible reactivity to the escape box, we evaluated the novelty-induced behavior using an open field and found a tendency towards more freezing time in KO mice. There were no differences in memory, ABR threshold, or the number of cochlear hair cells. We suggest that the lack of α9-nAChR subunit alters novelty-induced behavior, but not spatial learning in middle-aged mice, by a non-cochlear mechanism.

• Klíčová slova
• auditory efferent, cognitive impairment, nicotinic receptor, novel object exploration, spatial learning,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The presence of a spatial memory deficit in Parkinson's disease (PD) is still a matter of discussion. Nineteen PD patients and 16 controls were given two spatial tests and a non-spatial task. First, the subject was led into a room containing 4 objects and had 10 s to memorize their location. After being led outside, the subject had to place icons representing the objects on a map of the room. Differences between the real and estimated locations were evaluated. Afterwards, the subject had to choose a map showing the correct arrangement of objects from 4 alternatives. Locations of some objects were changed before the second test. The subject had 10 s to detect these changes. One point was given for each change or its absence detected. In the non-spatial working memory task, 8 cards of different shapes were used. The subject had to select a different card each time while the cards were shuffled between choices. Errors consisted of selecting previously chosen cards. The means of the above measures for both groups were compared. Absence of any significant differences suggests that PD patients perform well in "real life" memory tests in contrast to similar computerized tests.

• MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• paměť * MeSH
• Parkinsonova nemoc farmakoterapie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• prostorové chování MeSH
• rozpomínání MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• učení * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) has been suggested to influence the cognitive capability but this should be dynamically evaluated in a longitudinal study. Previous training can affect performance, but the influence under magnetic field is unclear. This study aims to evaluate the effects of previous training and ELF-MF exposure on learning and memory using the Morris water maze (MWM). Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to MWM training, ELF-MF exposure (50 Hz, 100 microT), or ELF-MF exposure combined with MWM training for 90 days. Normal rats were used as controls. The MWM was used to test. The data show that the rats exposed to training and ELF-MF with training performed better on spatial acquisition when re-tested. However, during the probe trial the rats showed no change between the training phase and the test phase. Compared with the control group, the ELF-MF group showed no significant differences. These results confirm that previous training can improve the learning and memory capabilities regarding spatial acquisition in the MWM and this effect can last for at least 90 days. However, this improvement in learning and memory capabilities was not observed during the probe trial. Furthermore, ELF-MF exposure did not interfere with the improvement in learning and memory capabilities.

• MeSH
• bludiště - učení * MeSH
• magnetické pole * MeSH
• potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
• prostorová paměť * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Spatial navigation comprises a widely-studied complex of animal behaviors. Its study offers many methodological advantages over other approaches, enabling assessment of a variety of experimental questions and the possibility to compare the results across different species. Spatial navigation in laboratory animals is often considered a model of higher human cognitive functions including declarative memory. Almost fifteen years ago, a novel dry-arena task for rodents was designed in our laboratory, originally named the place avoidance task, and later a modification of this approach was established and called active place avoidance task. It employs a continuously rotating arena, upon which animals are trained to avoid a stable sector defined according to room-frame coordinates. This review describes the development of the place avoidance tasks, evaluates the cognitive processes associated with performance and explores the application of place avoidance in the testing of spatial learning after neuropharmacological, lesion and other experimental manipulations.

• MeSH
• behaviorální výzkum metody   MeSH
• chování zvířat fyziologie   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• kognice fyziologie   MeSH
• modely u zvířat MeSH
• neurovědy metody   MeSH
• paměť fyziologie   MeSH
• prostorové chování fyziologie   MeSH
• učení vyhýbat se fyziologie   MeSH
• vnímání prostoru fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH