Pathology of neurodegenerative diseases can be correlated with intra-neuronal as well as extracellular changes which lead to neuronal degeneration. The central nervous system (CNS) is a complex structure comprising of many biological barriers. These microstructural barriers might be affected by a variety of pathological processes. Specifically, changes in the brain tissue's microstructure affect the diffusion of water which can be assessed non-invasively by diffusion weighted (DW) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a diffusion MRI technique that considers diffusivity as a Gaussian process, i.e. does not account for any diffusion hindrance. However, environment of the brain tissues is characterized by a non-Gaussian diffusion. Therefore, diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) was developed as an extension of DTI method in order to quantify the non-Gaussian distribution of water diffusion. This technique represents a promising approach for early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases when the neurodegenerative process starts. Hence, the purpose of this article is to summarize the ongoing clinical and preclinical research on Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and Huntington diseases, using DKI and to discuss the role of this technique as an early stage biomarker of neurodegenerative conditions.

Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology National institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Ahmedabad Gandhinagar Gujrat India

Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic

Research group Multimodal and Functional Neuroimaging CEITEC Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic

Research group Multimodal and Functional Neuroimaging CEITEC Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic; Department of Neurology Faculty of Medicine Albert Szent Györgyi Clinical Center University of Szeged Szeged Hungary

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