Administration of β-glucans through various routes, including immersion, dietary inclusion, or injection, have been found to stimulate various facets of immune responses, such as resistance to infections and resistance to environmental stress. β-Glucans used as an immunomodulatory food supplement have been found beneficial in eliciting immunity in commercial aquaculture. Despite extensive research involving more than 3000 published studies, knowledge of the receptors involved in recognition of β-glucans, their downstream signaling, and overall mechanisms of action is still lacking. The aim of this review is to summarize and discuss what is currently known about of the use of β-glucans in fish.

Biotechnology Institute UNESP São Paulo State University Alameda das Tecomarias s n 18607 440 Botucatu São Paulo Brazil

Department of Ocean Sciences Memorial University St John's NL A1C5S7 Canada

Department of Pathology University of Louisville Louisville KY 40292 USA

Department of Research and Development Biorigin Company Fazenda São José s n 17290 000 Macatuba São Paulo Brazil

Institute of Microbiology Czech Academy of Sciences 14220 Prague Czech Republic

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