Reproduction is a fundamental aspect of life that affects all levels of biology, from genomes and development to population dynamics and diversification. The first Tree of Sex database synthesized a vast diversity of reproductive strategies and their intriguing distribution throughout eukaryotes. A decade on, we are reviving this initiative and greatly expanding its scope to provide the most comprehensive integration of knowledge on eukaryotic reproduction to date. In this perspective, we first identify important gaps in our current knowledge of reproductive strategies across eukaryotes. We then highlight a selection of questions that will benefit most from this new Tree of Sex project, including those related to the evolution of sex, modes of sex determination, sex chromosomes, and the consequences of various reproductive strategies. Finally, we outline our vision for the new Tree of Sex database and the consortium that will create it (treeofsex.org). The new database will cover all Eukaryota and include a wide selection of biological traits. It will also incorporate genomic data types that were scarce or non-existent at the time of the first Tree of Sex initiative. The new database will be publicly accessible, stable, and self-sustaining, thus greatly improving the accessibility of reproductive knowledge to researchers across disciplines for years to come. Lastly, the consortium will persist after the database is created to serve as a collaborative framework for research, prioritizing ethical standards in the collection, use, and sharing of reproductive data. The new Tree of Sex consortium is open, and we encourage all who are interested in this topic to join us.

Center for Evolution and Medicine Arizona State University Tempe AZ United States

Center for GeoGenetics University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark

Center for Mechanisms of Evolution Biodesign Institute Tempe AZ United States

Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change LIB Museum Koenig Bonn Bonn Germany

CNRS Univ Lille UMR 8198 Evo Eco Paleo Lille France

Departament de Biologia Cel·lular Fisiologia i Immunologia Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain

Department of Ecology Evolution and Organismal Biology Iowa State University Ames IA United States

Department of Ecology Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic

Department of Integrative Biology University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin United States of America

Division of Evolutionary Ecology Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Bern Switzerland

Environmental Research and Innovation Centre School of Science Engineering and Environment University of Salford Salford United Kingdom

Genome Integrity and Instability Group Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain

Institut Botànic de Barcelona IBB Barcelona Spain

School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe AZ United States

Tree of Life Wellcome Sanger Institute Wellcome Genome Campus Cambridge United Kingdom

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