This study looked for correlations between molecular identification, clinical manifestation, and morphology for Trichophyton interdigitale and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. For this purpose, a total of 110 isolates were obtained from Czech patients with various clinical manifestations of dermatophytosis. Phenotypic characters were analyzed, and the strains were characterized using multilocus sequence typing. Among the 12 measured/scored phenotypic features, statistically significant differences were found only in growth rates at 37 °C and in the production of spiral hyphae, but none of these features is diagnostic. Correlations were found between T. interdigitale and higher age of patients and between clinical manifestations such as tinea pedis or onychomychosis. The MLST approach showed that internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genotyping of T. mentagrophytes isolates has limited practical benefits because of extensive gene flow between sublineages. Based on our results and previous studies, there are few taxonomic arguments for preserving both species names. The species show a lack of monophyly and unique morphology. On the other hand, some genotypes are associated with predominant clinical manifestations and sources of infections, which keep those names alive. This practice is questionable because the use of both names confuses identification, leading to difficulty in comparing epidemiological studies. The current identification method using ITS genotyping is ambiguous for some isolates and is not user-friendly. Additionally, identification tools such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry fail to distinguish these species. To avoid further confusion and to simplify identification in practice, we recommend using the name T. mentagrophytes for the entire complex. When clear differentiation of populations corresponding to T. interdigitale and Trichophyton indotineae is possible based on molecular data, we recommend optionally using a variety rank: T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale and T. mentagrophytes var. indotineae.
- MeSH
- DNA fungální genetika chemie MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- mezerníky ribozomální DNA genetika chemie MeSH
- multilokusová sekvenční typizace veterinární MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA veterinární MeSH
- tinea * diagnóza veterinární MeSH
- Trichophyton MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
A case of dermatomycosis caused by zoophilic strain of Trichophyton interdigitale was treated by low-temperature plasma produced by direct current (DC) cometary discharge. The shortening of skin lesion persistence along with suppression of subjective discomfort and etiological agent was observed.
Technologie vrstvení zahrnuje nanášení postupných vrstev léčivé látky na inaktivní jádra. Využívá se zejména pro formulaci násobných lékových forem s řízeným uvolňováním léčiva. Proces peletizace metodou vrstvení může probíhat buď v klasických dražovacích bubnech, nebo ve fluidních zařízeních. Vrstvení léčivé látky na inaktivní jádra v centrifugálním fluidním zařízení rotoprocesoru představuje moderní technologii ve výrobě pelet zahrnující mnoho formulačních proměnných, které je třeba, stejně jako podmínky procesu, přesně rozpoznat a kontrolovat. Cílem článku je podat přehledný souhrn o jedné z nejnovějších technologií výroby pelet – vrstvení léčivé látky na inaktivní jádra v rotoprocesoru, naznačit její možnosti a popsat zejména vliv formulačních a procesních proměnných na vlastnosti výsledných produktů.
Pelletization by the layering technique can be carried out by applying a liquid (a drug solution or suspension) or a drug powder using either coating drums or a fluidized bed equipment. This technique is used particularly for the formulation of multiparticulate controlled release dosage forms. Application of a drug on inactive beads in a centrifugal fluid-bed equipment (a rotary processor) represents the up-to-date technique of pellets production. Pelletization by the tangential drug-layering process is a multivariate process, and it is important to identify as well as to control the process variables and conditions. The goal of this paper is to give a summary about one of the newest pelletizing technologies – drug layering in a rotary processor, to outline its possibilities, and particularly to describe the influence of formulation and process parameters on the properties of the final product.
