• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• populační dynamika MeSH
• populační růst * MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• zdroje znečištění, zdraví člověka,
• MeSH
• aerosoly škodlivé účinky   toxicita   MeSH
• alergeny škodlivé účinky   toxicita   MeSH
• azbest škodlivé účinky   toxicita   MeSH
• benzen škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• bydlení klasifikace   normy   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• formaldehyd škodlivé účinky   toxicita   MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí škodlivé účinky   toxicita   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• oxid dusičitý škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• oxid uhelnatý škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• prostředí kontrolované MeSH
• radon škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• zdraví MeSH
• znečištění tabákovým kouřem škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• znečištění vzduchu ve vnitřním prostředí analýza   prevence a kontrola   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• vnitřní ovzduší, zdroje znečištění, zdraví člověka, evironmentální indikátory,
• MeSH
• bydlení MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí normy   škodlivé účinky   toxicita   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   normy   zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• odpadní produkty klasifikace   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• prostředí kontrolované MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• zákonodárství jako téma MeSH
• zdraví MeSH
• znečištění vzduchu ve vnitřním prostředí prevence a kontrola   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• formuláře MeSH

We analyzed differentials in exposure to SO(2), PM(10) and NO(2) among Czech urban populations categorized according to education level, unemployment rate, population size and average annual salary. Altogether 39 cities were included in the analysis. The principal component analysis revealed two factors explaining 72.8% of the data variability. The first factor explaining 44.7% of the data variability included SO(2), PM(10), low education level and high unemployment, documenting that inhabitants with unfavorable socioeconomic status mainly reside in smaller cities with higher concentration levels of combustion-related air pollutants. The second factor explaining 28.1% of the data variability included NO(2), high salary, high education level and large population, suggesting that large cities with residents with higher socioeconomic status are exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution. We conclude that, after more than a decade of free-market economy, the Czech Republic, a former Soviet satellite with a centrally planned economy, displays signs of a certain kind of environmental inequality, since environmental hazards are unevenly distributed among the Czech urban populations.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• městské obyvatelstvo * MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• nezaměstnanost * MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• příjem MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• společenská třída * MeSH
• stupeň vzdělání * MeSH
• velkoměsta * MeSH
• znečištění ovzduší analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• velkoměsta * MeSH

INTRODUCTION: It has been noticed many times that schools are buildings with high levels of particulate matter concentrations. Several authors documented that concentrations of particulate matter in indoor school microenvironments exceed limits recommended by WHO namely when school buildings are situated near major roads with high traffic densities. In addition, exercise under conditions of high particulate concentrations may increase the adverse health effects, as the total particle deposition increases in proportion to minute ventilation, and the deposition fraction nearly doubles from rest to intense exercise. SITE AND METHODS: Mass concentrations of size-segregated aerosol were measured simultaneously in an elementary school gym and an adjacent outdoor site in the central part of Prague by two pairs of collocated aerosol monitors-a fast responding photometer DusTrak and a five stage cascade impactor. To encompass seasonal and annual differences, 89 days of measurements were performed during ten campaigns between 2005 and 2009. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The average (all campaigns) outdoor concentration of PM(2.5) (28.3 μg m(-3)) measured by the cascade impactors was higher than the indoor value (22.3 μg m(-3)) and the corresponding average from the nearest fixed site monitor (23.6 μg m(-3)). Indoor and outdoor PM(2.5) concentrations exceeded the WHO recommended 24-h limit in 42% and 49% of the days measured, respectively. The correlation coefficient (r) between corresponding outdoor and indoor aerosol sizes increased with decreasing aerodynamic diameter of the collected particles (r = 0.32-0.87), suggesting a higher infiltration rate of fine and quasi-ultrafine particles. Principal component analysis revealed five factors explaining more than 82% of the data variability. The first two factors reflected a close association between outdoor and indoor fine and quasi-ultrafine particles confirming the hypothesis of high infiltration rate of particles from outdoors. The third factor indicated that human activity is the main source of indoor emission of coarse particles. The fourth factor involved only outdoor variables showing the resuspension of coarse ambient aerosol on dry and warm days without its seeming effect on the indoor coarse PM levels. Having in mind that high concentrations of both fine and coarse aerosol were frequently observed in the studied space, our results suggest that indoor exercise in polluted urbanized areas may increase the overall exposure and thus represent a potential health risk to young individuals during physical education at schools.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• gymnastika statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• inhalační expozice statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• pevné částice analýza   MeSH
• školy statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• tělesná výchova statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• velikost částic MeSH
• znečištění vzduchu ve vnitřním prostředí analýza   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

We investigated the mass concentration, mineral composition and morphology of particles resuspended by children during scheduled physical education in urban, suburban and rural elementary school gyms in Prague (Czech Republic). Cascade impactors were deployed to sample the particulate matter. Two fractions of coarse particulate matter (PM(10-2.5) and PM(2.5-1.0)) were characterized by gravimetry, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy. Two indicators of human activity, the number of exercising children and the number of physical education hours, were also recorded. Lower mass concentrations of coarse particulate matter were recorded outdoors (average PM(10-2.5) 4.1-7.4 μg m(-3) and PM(2.5-1.0) 2.0-3.3 μg m(-3)) than indoors (average PM(10-2.5) 13.6-26.7 μg m(-3) and PM(2.5-1.0) 3.7-7.4 μg m(-3)). The indoor concentrations of coarse aerosol were elevated during days with scheduled physical education with an average indoor-outdoor (I/O) ratio of 2.5-16.3 for the PM(10-2.5) and 1.4-4.8 for the PM(2.5-1.0) values. Under extreme conditions, the I/O ratios reached 180 (PM(10-2.5)) and 19.1 (PM(2.5-1.0)). The multiple regression analysis based on the number of students and outdoor coarse PM as independent variables showed that the main predictor of the indoor coarse PM concentrations is the number of students in the gym. The effect of outdoor coarse PM was weak and inconsistent. The regression models for the three schools explained 60-70% of the particular dataset variability. X-ray spectrometry revealed 6 main groups of minerals contributing to resuspended indoor dust. The most abundant particles were those of crustal origin composed of Si, Al, O and Ca. Scanning electron microscopy showed that, in addition to numerous inorganic particles, various types of fibers and particularly skin scales make up the main part of the resuspended dust in the gyms. In conclusion, school gyms were found to be indoor microenvironments with high concentrations of coarse particulate matter, which can contribute to increased short-term inhalation exposure of exercising children.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• gymnastika MeSH
• inhalační expozice statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch analýza   chemie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• pevné částice analýza   chemie   MeSH
• školy statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• velikost částic MeSH
• znečištění vzduchu ve vnitřním prostředí statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

We analyzed the association of particle number and PM(2.5) concentrations with mortality and cardiorespiratory hospital admissions in Prague. Number concentrations of submicron particles in the range of 15-487 nm were measured continuously at a central site in 2006. The particle number concentrations were integrated into four groups with count median diameters of 31 (NC(31)), 128 (NC(128)), and 346 nm (NC(346)). The total number concentration of submicron particles 15-487 nm (NC(tot)) was also constructed. The studied health outcomes were the daily hospital admissions due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and daily cardiovascular and respiratory mortality and the total mortality. The Poisson regression was used for data analysis. The strongest association was found for the accumulation mode particles (NC(346)) (RR 1.164, 95% CI: 1.052-1.287 for cardiovascular and 1.334, 95% CI: 1.126-1.579 for respiratory admissions for a 7-day moving average for 1000 particles per 1 cm(3) increase). Reasonable association between both the cardiovascular and respiratory admissions and NC(346) was also found for lag 0, lag 1, lag 2 (not for respiratory admissions), and the 4-day moving average. For NC(128) and NC(tot), the association was also significant for both cardiovascular and respiratory admissions at lag 0, lag 1, and lag 2 (not for respiratory admissions) for the 4-day and 7-day moving average. The association between the PM(2.5) and daily cardiovascular hospital admissions was significant at 2-day lag and for a 4-day average. Positive association with respiratory admissions was significant only for a 7-day average. No association was found between the studied air pollution variables and daily mortality.

• MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci mortalita   MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemocnice MeSH
• pevné částice škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• poruchy dýchání mortalita   MeSH
• velikost částic MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí analýza   MeSH
• zdraví ve městech MeSH
• znečištění ovzduší analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Political and economical transition in the Central and Eastern Europe at the end of eighties significantly influenced all aspects of life as well as technological infrastructure. Collapse of outdated energy demanding industry and adoption of environmental legislation resulted in seeming improvements of urban environmental quality. Hand in hand with modernization the newly adopted regulations also helped to phase out low quality coal frequently used for domestic heating. However, at the same time, the number of vehicles registered in the city increased. The two processes interestingly acted as parallel but antagonistic forces. To interpret the trends in urban air quality of Prague, Czech capital, monthly averages of PM(10), SO(2), NO(2), NO, O(3) and CO concentrations from the national network of automated monitoring stations were analyzed together with long term trends in fuel consumption and number of vehicles registered in Prague within a period of 1992-2005. The results showed that concentrations of SO(2) (a pollutant strongly related to fossil fuel burning) dropped significantly during the period of concern. Similarly NO(X) and PM(10) concentrations decreased significantly in the first half of the nineties (as a result of solid fuel use drop), but remained rather stable or increased after 2000, presumably reflecting rapid increase of traffic density. In conclusion, infrastructural changes in early nineties had a strong positive effect on Prague air quality namely in the first half of the period studied, nevertheless, the current trend in concentrations of automotive exhaust related pollutants (such as PM(10), NO(X)) needs adoption of stricter measures.

• MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch analýza   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• oxid dusičitý analýza   MeSH
• oxid dusnatý analýza   MeSH
• oxid siřičitý analýza   MeSH
• oxid uhelnatý analýza   MeSH
• ozon analýza   MeSH
• pevné částice analýza   MeSH
• výfukové emise vozidel analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

• Publikační typ
• abstrakt z konference MeSH

The 12-h mass concentration of PM(10), PM(2.5), and PM(1) was measured in a lecturing room by means of three co-located Harvard impactors. The filters were changed at 8 AM and at 8 PM to cover the periods of presence and absence of students. Concentrations were assessed by gravimetry. Ambient PM(10) data were available for corresponding 12-h intervals from the nearest state air-quality-monitoring network station. The data were pooled into four periods according to the presence and absence of students-Monday-Thursday day (workday daytime), Monday-Thursday night (workday night), Friday-Sunday day (weekend daytime), and Friday-Sunday night (weekend night). Average indoor workday daytime concentrations were 42.3, 21.9 and 13.7 microgm(-3), workday night were 20.9, 19.1 and 15.2 microgm(-3), weekend daytime were 21.9, 18.1 and 11.4 microgm(-3), and weekend night were 24.5, 21.3, and 15.6 microgm(-3) for PM(10), PM(2.5), and PM(1), respectively. The highest 12-h mean, median, and maximum (42.3, 43.0, and 76.2 microgm(-3), respectively) indoor concentrations were recorded on workdays during the daytime for PM(10). The statistically significant (r=0.68,P<0.0009) correlation between the number of students per hour per day and the indoor coarse fraction calculated as PM(10--2.5) during daytime on workdays indicates that the presence of people is an important source of coarse particles indoor. On workdays, the daytime PM(10) indoor/outdoor ratio was positively associated (r=0.93) with an increasing indoor coarse fraction (PM(10--2.5)), also indicating that an important portion of indoor PM(10) had its source inside the classroom. With the exception of the calculated coarse fraction (PM(10--2.5)), all of the measured indoor particulate matter fractions were significantly highly correlated with outdoor PM(10) and negatively correlated with wind velocity, showing that outdoor levels of particles influence their indoor concentrations.

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• prach analýza   MeSH
• univerzity MeSH
• velikost částic MeSH
• velkoměsta MeSH
• vítr MeSH
• vlhkost MeSH
• znečištění vzduchu ve vnitřním prostředí analýza   MeSH
• znečištění životního prostředí analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• velkoměsta MeSH