A plethora of biomaterials for heart repair are being tested worldwide for potential clinical application. These therapeutics aim to enhance the quality of life of patients with heart disease using various methods to improve cardiac function. Despite the myriad of therapeutics tested, only a minority of these studied biomaterials have entered clinical trials. This rapid scoping review aims to analyze literature available from 2012 to 2022 with a focus on clinical trials using biomaterials for direct cardiac repair, i.e., where the intended function of the biomaterial is to enhance the repair of the endocardium, myocardium, epicardium or pericardium. This review included neither biomaterials related to stents and valve repair nor biomaterials serving as vehicles for the delivery of drugs. Surprisingly, the literature search revealed that only 8 different biomaterials mentioned in 23 different studies out of 7038 documents (journal articles, conference abstracts or clinical trial entries) have been tested in clinical trials since 2012. All of these, intended to treat various forms of ischaemic heart disease (heart failure, myocardial infarction), were of natural origin and most used direct injections as their delivery method. This review thus reveals notable gaps between groups of biomaterials tested pre-clinically and clinically. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Rapid scoping review of clinical application of biomaterials for cardiac repair. 7038 documents screened; 23 studies mention 8 different biomaterials only. Biomaterials for repair of endocardium, myocardium, epicardium or pericardium. Only 8 different biomaterials entered clinical trials in the past 10 years. All of the clinically translated biomaterials were of natural origin.
- MeSH
- Biocompatible Materials * chemistry therapeutic use MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Review MeSH
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Given the limited endogenous regenerative capabilities of cardiac tissue, patient-specific anatomy, challenges in treatment options, and shortage of donor tissues for transplantation, there is an urgent need for novel approaches in cardiac tissue repair. 3D bioprinting is a technology based on additive manufacturing which allows for the design of precisely controlled and spatially organized structures, which could possibly lead to solutions in cardiac tissue repair. In this review, we describe the basic morphological and physiological specifics of the heart and cardiac tissues and introduce the readers to the fundamental principles underlying 3D printing technology and some of the materials/approaches which have been used to date for cardiac repair. By summarizing recent progress in 3D printing of cardiac tissue and valves with respect to the key features of cardiovascular tissue (such as contractility, conductivity, and vascularization), we highlight how 3D printing can facilitate surgical planning and provide custom-fit implants and properties that match those from the native heart. Finally, we also discuss the suitability of this technology in the design and fabrication of custom-made devices intended for the maturation of the cardiac tissue, a process that has been shown to increase the viability of implants. Altogether this review shows that 3D printing and bioprinting are versatile and highly modulative technologies with wide applications in cardiac regeneration and beyond.
- MeSH
- Printing, Three-Dimensional MeSH
- Bioprinting * methods MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Heart MeSH
- Tissue Engineering * methods MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Review MeSH
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review describes the latest advances in cell therapy, biomaterials and 3D bioprinting for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. RECENT FINDINGS: Cell therapies offer the greatest benefit for patients suffering from chronic ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Rather than replacing lost cardiomyocytes, the effects of most cell therapies are mediated by paracrine signalling, mainly through the induction of angiogenesis and immunomodulation. Cell preconditioning, or genetic modifications are being studied to improve the outcomes. Biomaterials offer stand-alone benefits such as bioactive cues for cell survival, proliferation and differentiation, induction of vascularization or prevention of further cardiomyocyte death. They also provide mechanical support or electroconductivity, and can be used to deliver cells, growth factors or drugs to the injured site. Apart from classical biomaterial manufacturing techniques, 3D bioprinting offers greater spatial control over biomaterial deposition and higher resolution of the details, including hollow vessel-like structures. SUMMARY: Cell therapy induces mainly angiogenesis and immunomodulation. The ability to induce direct cardiomyocyte regeneration to replace the lost cardiomyocytes is, however, still missing until embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cell use becomes available. Cell therapy would benefit from combinatorial use with biomaterials, as these can prolong cell retention and survival, offer additional mechanical support and provide inherent bioactive cues. Biomaterials can also be used to deliver growth factors, drugs, and other molecules. 3D bioprinting is a high-resolution technique that has great potential in cardiac therapy.
- MeSH
- Printing, Three-Dimensional * MeSH
- Biocompatible Materials MeSH
- Bioprinting * MeSH
- Myocytes, Cardiac MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Myocardium MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Review MeSH
Tkáňové inženýrství kombinuje pro vytvoření umělých tkání buňky signální molekuly a nosiče. Umělé kožní náhrady jsou většinou založeny na nanovláknech, hydrogelech nebo decelularizovaných nosičích. Mohou být cíleny jako dermální, dermo-epidermální či epidermální. Nanovlákna mohou být přiravena pomocí elektrostatického zvlákňování či metody samoorganizování molekul, hydrogely na základě chemických či fyzikálních interakcí (a mohou být s výhodou použity pro 3D tisk) a decelularizované nosiče pomocí chemických, fyzikálních a enzymatických metod. Umělé kožní náhrady se buď připravují dopředu (ex situ) a aplikují se na ránu v druhé době, nebo díky současnému technologickému pokroku mohou být taktéž vytvořeny přímo in vivo – v místě rány. Stručně lze říci, že díky inovacím poslední doby se nám otevírá celá řada nových terapeutických možností.
Tissue engineering combines cells, signalling molecules and scaffolds into artificial tissues. Tissue-engineered skin substitutes are usually based on nanofibers, hydrogels or decellularized scaffolds. They can be designed as dermal, dermo-epidermal and epidermal. Nanofibers can be prepared by electrospinning or molecular self-assembly, hydrogels by chemical or physical interactions (and be with advantage used for 3D printing) and decellularized scaffolds by chemical, physical and enzymatic methods. Skin substitutes are either generated in advance (ex situ) and applied to wound site in a second step. Or thanks to current technological advancement, they can be fabricated also directly in vivo – on top of the wounded area. Consequently, a whole new set of treatment options is opening thanks to these innovations.
The human respiratory system is continuously exposed to varying levels of hazardous substances ranging from environmental toxins to purposely administered drugs. If the noxious effects exceed the inherent regenerative capacity of the respiratory system, injured tissue undergoes complex remodeling that can significantly affect lung function and lead to various diseases. Advanced near-to-native in vitro lung models are required to understand the mechanisms involved in pulmonary damage and repair and to reliably test the toxicity of compounds to lung tissue. This review is an overview of the development of in vitro respiratory system models used for study of lung diseases. It includes discussion of using these models for environmental toxin assessment and pulmonary toxicity screening.
- MeSH
- Models, Biological * MeSH
- Cell Culture Techniques MeSH
- Respiratory System * anatomy & histology MeSH
- Lab-On-A-Chip Devices MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Microfluidics MeSH
- Tissue Scaffolds MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Review MeSH
