Despite development in cancer treatment and prevention options during the past few years, cancer of the pancreas remains a diagnosis associated with poor prognosis and limited options for prevention. Diet has proven to be an important risk factor for development of many types of cancer, particularly for cancers of the digestive system. Still, evidence regarding its relation to pancreatic cancer remains ambiguous. To investigate the relationship between diet and pancreatic cancer, an analysis of dietary patterns in participants from the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study (n = 89,156; 305 pancreatic cancer cases) was performed. Cox regression analysis was used for studying possible associations between dietary patterns, derived from principal component analysis, and pancreatic cancer incidence. The four most prominent dietary patterns were identified and described: European pattern, animal food consumers' dietary pattern, traditional Norwegian pattern, and alcohol-abstaining dietary pattern. In analysis without adjustment for confounders, being in the highest tertile of the abstaining dietary pattern was associated with lower risk of pancreatic cancer in comparison to the lowest tertile (hazard ratios [HR]: 0.66, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.49-0.89). After additional adjustment for height and smoking status, no dietary pattern was associated with increased pancreatic cancer risk, nor was there any difference in effect estimates between strata of smokers and non-smokers. The results of our current analysis do not support the role of major dietary patterns in the development of pancreatic cancer.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
To summarize and evaluate the evidence on the health impact of a vegan diet, we conducted an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Epistemonikos were searched up to September 2021. Meta-analyses were recalculated by using a random effects model. The certainty of evidence (CoE) was evaluated by the GRADE approach. For the general healthy population, a vegan diet was effective for reducing body weight [MD (95% CI): -2.52 kg (-3.06, -1.98), n = 8 RCTs; moderate CoE] and was associated with further health benefits (with low CoE), including a lower risk of cancer incidence [SRR (95% CI): 0.84 (0.75, 0.95), n = 2] and a trend for lower risk of all-cause mortality [SRR (95% CI): 0.87 (0.75, 1.01), n = 2], as well as lower ApoB levels [MD (95% CI): -0.19 μmol/L (-0.23, -0.15), n = 7 RCTs). The findings suggested adverse associations for a vegan diet with risk of fractures [SRR (95% CI): 1.46 (1.03, 2.07), n = 3; low CoE]. For persons with diabetes or at high CVD risk, a vegan diet reduced measures of adiposity, total cholesterol, LDL and improved glycemic control (CoE moderate to low). A vegan diet may have the potential for the prevention of cardiometabolic health, but it may also impair bone health. More well-conducted primary studies are warranted.
- MeSH
- dieta veganská * MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory * prevence a kontrola MeSH
- systematický přehled jako téma MeSH
- tělesná hmotnost MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
As not much is known about the prevalence and predictors of nutritional deficiencies among vegans in the Czech Republic, we evaluated whether supplement use and duration of adherence to the vegan diet are associated with the risk of cobalamin and iron deficiencies. Associations between self-reported supplementation and duration of vegan diet with biomarkers of cobalamin (serum cobalamin, holotranscobalamin, homocysteine, folate) and iron status (serum ferritin, iron binding capacity, transferrin and saturation of transferrin) were assessed by cross-sectional analyses of medical data from a clinical nutrition center. Data from 151 (72 females) adult vegans (age 18-67 years), who were free of major chronic diseases and 85 (40 females) healthy non-vegans (age 21-47 years) were analyzed. Overall, vegans had significantly lower cobalamin, hemoglobin and ferritin levels, but higher folate and MCV values compared to non-vegans. Vegans not using cobalamin supplements were at higher risk of low plasma cobalamin than regularly supplementing vegans (OR: 4.41, 95% CI 1.2-16.16 for cobalamin, OR: 19.18, 95% CI 1.02-359.42 for holotranscobalamin), whereas no significant differences in cobalamin status related to duration of the vegan diet were observed. Regularly supplementing vegans had similar levels of cobalamin/holotranscobalamin as non-vegans. Despite lower ferritin and hemoglobin levels, there was no indication of a higher risk of iron-deficiency among vegans. To conclude cobalamin deficiency risk depends on supplementation status and not on the duration of an exclusive vegan diet, which underlines the need to integrate cobalamin status monitoring and counselling on supplement use in routine clinical care in the Czech Republic.
- MeSH
- anemie z nedostatku železa krev epidemiologie MeSH
- dieta veganská * MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- ferritiny krev MeSH
- kyselina listová krev MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- nedostatek vitaminu B12 krev epidemiologie MeSH
- nutriční stav MeSH
- potravní doplňky * MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- vegani MeSH
- vitamin B 12 aplikace a dávkování krev MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
IFN-γ is a pleiotropic cytokine crucial for both innate and adaptive immunity, which also plays a critical role in immunological surveillance of cancer. Genetic defects or gene silencing in the IFN-γ signal transduction pathways as well as in the expression of IFN-γ-regulated genes represent frequent mechanisms by which tumour cells can escape from immune responses. Epigenetic control of the IFN-γ signalling pathway activation associated with epigenetic changes in the corresponding regulatory gene regions, such as chromatin remodelling, histone acetylation and methylation, and DNA demethylation is frequently dysregulated in tumour cells. Epigenetic silencing of the IFN-γ regulatory pathway components, as well as of the IFN-γ-regulated genes crucial for tumour cell recognition or induction of anti-tumour immune responses, has been documented in various cancer models. Expression of both IFN-γ signalling pathway components and selected IFN-γ-regulated genes can be influenced by epigenetic modifiers, namely DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors. These agents thus can mimic, restore, or boost the immunomodulatory effects of IFN-γ in tumour cells, which can contribute to their anti-tumour therapeutic efficacies and justifies their potential use in combined epigenetic therapy with immunotherapeutic approaches.
