Vydání: první 149 stran : ilustrace ; 21 cm
Skripta věnovaná zoorehabilitaci, oboru, kde je činnost se zvířaty zapojována do práce s cílovými klienty z řad znevýhodněných osob.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Alpine cushion plants can initially facilitate other species during ecological succession, but later on can be negatively affected by their development, especially when beneficiaries possess traits allowing them to overrun their host. This can be reinforced by accelerated warming favouring competitively strong species over cold-adapted cushion specialists. However, little empirical research has addressed the trait-based mechanisms of these interactions. The ecological strategies of plants colonizing the cushion plant Thylacospermum caespitosum (Caryophyllaceae), a dominant pioneer of subnival zones, were studied in the Western Himalayas. METHODS: To assess whether the cushion colonizers are phylogenetically and functionally distinct, 1668 vegetation samples were collected, both in open ground outside the cushions and inside their live and dead canopies, in two mountain ranges, Karakoram and Little Tibet. More than 50 plant traits related to growth, biomass allocation and resource acquisition were measured for target species, and the phylogenetic relationships of these species were studied [or determined]. KEY RESULTS: Species-based trait-environment analysis with phylogenetic correction showed that in both mountain ranges Thylacospermum colonizers are phylogenetically diverse but functionally similar and are functionally different from species preferring bare soil outside cushions. Successful colonizers are fast-growing, clonal graminoids and forbs, penetrating the cushion by rhizomes and stolons. They have higher root-to-shoot ratios, leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, and soil moisture and nutrient demands, sharing the syndrome of competitive species with broad elevation ranges typical of the late stages of primary succession. In contrast, the species from open ground have traits typical of stress-tolerant specialists from high and dry environments. CONCLUSION: Species colonizing tight cushions of T. caespitosum are competitively strong graminoids and herbaceous perennials from alpine grasslands. Since climate change in the Himalayas favours these species, highly specialized subnival cushion plants may face intense competition and a greater risk of decline in the future.
- MeSH
- biodiverzita MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- Caryophyllaceae růst a vývoj MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- klimatické změny * MeSH
- Magnoliopsida růst a vývoj MeSH
- nadmořská výška * MeSH
- zvláštnosti životní historie * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Indie MeSH
Puwainaphycins (PUWs) and minutissamides (MINs) are structurally analogous cyclic lipopeptides possessing cytotoxic activity. Both types of compound exhibit high structural variability, particularly in the fatty acid (FA) moiety. Although a biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for synthesis of several PUW variants has been proposed in a cyanobacterial strain, the genetic background for MINs remains unexplored. Herein, we report PUW/MIN biosynthetic gene clusters and structural variants from six cyanobacterial strains. Comparison of biosynthetic gene clusters indicates a common origin of the PUW/MIN hybrid nonribosomal peptide synthetase and polyketide synthase. Surprisingly, the biosynthetic gene clusters encode two alternative biosynthetic starter modules, and analysis of structural variants suggests that initiation by each of the starter modules results in lipopeptides of differing lengths and FA substitutions. Among additional modifications of the FA chain, chlorination of minutissamide D was explained by the presence of a putative halogenase gene in the PUW/MIN gene cluster of Anabaena minutissima strain UTEX B 1613. We detected PUW variants bearing an acetyl substitution in Symplocastrum muelleri strain NIVA-CYA 644, consistent with an O-acetyltransferase gene in its biosynthetic gene cluster. The major lipopeptide variants did not exhibit any significant antibacterial activity, and only the PUW F variant was moderately active against yeast, consistent with previously published data suggesting that PUWs/MINs interact preferentially with eukaryotic plasma membranes.IMPORTANCE Herein, we deciphered the most important biosynthetic traits of a prominent group of bioactive lipopeptides. We reveal evidence for initiation of biosynthesis by two alternative starter units hardwired directly in the same gene cluster, eventually resulting in the production of a remarkable range of lipopeptide variants. We identified several unusual tailoring genes potentially involved in modifying the fatty acid chain. Careful characterization of these biosynthetic gene clusters and their diverse products could provide important insight into lipopeptide biosynthesis in prokaryotes. Some of the variants identified exhibit cytotoxic and antifungal properties, and some are associated with a toxigenic biofilm-forming strain. The findings may prove valuable to researchers in the fields of natural product discovery and toxicology.
- MeSH
- Anabaena genetika MeSH
- antifungální látky MeSH
- antiinfekční látky MeSH
- bakteriální geny genetika MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny genetika MeSH
- cyklické peptidy biosyntéza chemie genetika MeSH
- lipopeptidy biosyntéza chemie genetika farmakologie MeSH
- multigenová rodina MeSH
- peptidsynthasy genetika MeSH
- polyketidsynthasy genetika MeSH
- sinice genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Benthic cyanobacteria recognized as producers of natural products, including cyanotoxins, have been neglected for systematic toxicological studies. Thus, we have performed a broad study investigating cyanotoxin potential of 311 non-planktic nostocacean representatives combining molecular and chemical analyses. Out of these, a single strain Nostoc sp. Treb K1/5, was identified as a new microcystin producer. Microcystins [Asp3]MC-YR, [Asp3]MC-FR, [Asp3]MC-HtyR and Ala-Leu/Ile-Asp-Arg-Adda-Glu-Mdha are reported for the first time from the genus Nostoc. All the studied strains were also analyzed for the occurrence of nodularins, cylindrospermopsin and (homo)anatoxin-a, yet no novel producer has been discovered. Our findings indicate rare occurrence of the common cyanotoxins in non-planktic nostocaceae which is in contrast with frequent reports of cyanotoxin producers among phylogenetically closely related planktic cyanobacteria.
- MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- mikrocystiny chemie metabolismus MeSH
- Nostoc genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The environment of high-altitudinal cold deserts of Western Himalaya is characterized by extensive development of biological soil crusts, with cyanobacteria as dominant component. The knowledge of their taxonomic composition and dependency on soil chemistry and elevation is still fragmentary. We studied the abundance and the phylogenetic diversity of the culturable cyanobacteria and eukaryotic microalgae in soil crusts along altitudinal gradients (4600-5900 m) at two sites in the dry mountains of Ladakh (SW Tibetan Plateau and Eastern Karakoram), using both microscopic and molecular approaches. The effects of environmental factors (altitude, mountain range, and soil physico-chemical parameters) on the composition and biovolume of phototrophs were tested by multivariate redundancy analysis and variance partitioning. Both phylogenetic diversity and composition of morphotypes were similar between Karakorum and Tibetan Plateau. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene revealed strains belonging to at least five genera. Besides clusters of common soil genera, e.g., Microcoleus, Nodosilinea, or Nostoc, two distinct clades of simple trichal taxa were newly discovered. The most abundant cyanobacterial orders were Oscillatoriales and Nostacales, whose biovolume increased with increasing elevation, while that of Chroococales decreased. Cyanobacterial species richness was low in that only 15 morphotypes were detected. The environmental factors accounted for 52 % of the total variability in microbial data, 38.7 % of which was explained solely by soil chemical properties, 14.5 % by altitude, and 8.4 % by mountain range. The elevation, soil phosphate, and magnesium were the most important predictors of soil phototrophic communities in both mountain ranges despite their different bedrocks and origin. The present investigation represents a first record on phylogenetic diversity of the cyanobacterial community of biological soil crusts from Western Himalayas and first record from altitudes over 5000 m.
- MeSH
- biodegradace MeSH
- biodiverzita * MeSH
- fylogeneze * MeSH
- geologické sedimenty analýza mikrobiologie MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- nadmořská výška MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
- sinice klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Tibet MeSH
V příspěvku jsou prezentovány možnosti využití hipoterapie u dětských pacientů s dětskou mozkovou obrnou. Hlavní důraz je kladen na seznámení s uceleným metodickým postupem, jenž byl vypracován na základě dlouholetých praktických zkušeností, včetně ověřování v praxi, a dále s využitím prvků používaných v různých hipoterapeutických přístupech v zahraničí. Prezentovaný postup vznikl i z důvodu absence uceleného vzdělání v oblasti hipoterapie a také za účelem vytvoření standardních, v současné době velmi variabilních postupů, v provádění hipoterapie. Metodický postup striktně rozděluje dva principy tzv. funkce koňského hřbetu – princip senzomotorické stimulace a princip diferenciace. Pracuje s proměnnými i neproměnnými faktory, které zajišťují dle potřeb klienta jeden z uvedených principů. Tyto prezentované postupy rozšiřují nabídku fyzioterapeutických přístupů v léčbě dětí s dětskou mozkovou obrnou a nabízejí širší možnosti komplexní léčby těchto dětí.
In the following presentation, we will show different possibilities of using hippotherapy for treating children with cerebral palsy. The main emphasis is laid on a unified methodological approach, which has been created based on many years of practical experience, including verification of effectiveness during active practice combined with the use of therapeutic approaches from around the world. The presented approach has also been created due to the absence of a comprehensive education in the hippotherapy field and also for the purpose of creating a standardized approach among today's many highly variable ones. The methodology is strictly separated into two principles of horseback functionality, that of rimotor stimulation and differentiation. It operates with variable and non-variable factors, which ensures the treatment of one of the principles according to the needs of the client. These presented approaches expand the possibilities of physiotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of cerebral palsy and offers wider possibilities for complex treatment of these children.
- Klíčová slova
- hipoterpie, senzomotorická stimulace, rehabilitace, fyzioterapie,
- MeSH
- biomechanika MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- koně MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mozková obrna * rehabilitace MeSH
- psychomotorický výkon MeSH
- terapie využívající koní * metody MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
V příspěvku jsou prezentovány možnosti využití hipoterapie u dětských pacientů s dětskou mozkovou obrnou. Hlavní důraz je kladen na seznámení s uceleným metodickým postupem, jenž byl vypracován na základě dlouholetých praktických zkušeností, včetně ověřování v praxi, a dále s využitím prvků používaných v různých hipoterapeutických přístupech v zahraničí. Prezentovaný postup vznikl i z důvodu absence uceleného vzdělání v oblasti hipoterapie a také za účelem vytvoření standardních, v současné době velmi variabilních postupů, v provádění hipoterapie. Metodický postup striktně rozděluje dva principy tzv. funkce koňského hřbetu – princip senzomotorické stimulace a princip diferenciace. Pracuje s proměnnými i neproměnnými faktory, které zajišťují dle potřeb klienta jeden z uvedených principů. Tyto prezentované postupy rozšiřují nabídku fyzioterapeutických přístupů v léčbě dětí s dětskou mozkovou obrnou a nabízejí širší možnosti komplexní léčby těchto dětí.
In the following presentation, we will show different possibilities of using hippotherapy for treating children with cerebral palsy. The main emphasis is laid on a unified methodological approach, which has been created based on many years of practical experience, including verification of effectiveness during active practice combined with the use of therapeutic approaches from around the world. The presented approach has also been created due to the absence of a comprehensive education in the hippotherapy field and also for the purpose of creating a standardized approach among today's many highly variable ones. The methodology is strictly separated into two principles of horseback functionality, that of rimotor stimulation and differentiation. It operates with variable and non-variable factors, which ensures the treatment of one of the principles according to the needs of the client. These presented approaches expand the possibilities of physiotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of cerebral palsy and offers wider possibilities for complex treatment of these children.
Historically, the genus Calothrix included all noncolonial, tapered, heterocytous filaments within the cyanobacteria. However, recent molecular phylogenies show that "Calothrix" defined in this sense represents five distinct clades. The type species of Calothrix is marine, with solitary basal heterocytes, no akinetes, and distal ends tapering abruptly into short hairs. We examined the morphology and phylogeny of 45 tapering cyanobacteria in the Rivulariaceae, including freshwater and marine representatives of both Calothrix (35 strains) and its sister taxon Rivularia (10 strains). The marine Calothrix fall into two lineages, but we lack the generitype and so cannot identify the clade corresponding to the type species. The freshwater and soil Calothrix fall into the C. parietina clade and are characterized by having a basal heterocyte, no akinetes, and gradual tapering-but not into a long hyaline hair. Macrochaete gen. nov. is a freshwater taxon sister to the Calothrix lineages but clearly separated from Rivularia. The species in this genus differ morphologically from Calothrix by their ability to produce two heteromorphic basal heterocytes and specific secondary structures of the 16S-23S ITS. An additional feature present in most species is the presence of a distal, long hyaline hair, but this character has incomplete penetrance due to its expression only under specific environmental conditions (low phosphate), and in one species appears to be lost. We recognize three species: M. psychrophila (type species) from cold environments (high mountains, Antarctica), M. santannae from wet walls of subtropical South America, and M. lichenoides, a phycobiont of lichens from Europe.
A rapid warming in Himalayas is predicted to increase plant upper distributional limits, vegetation cover and abundance of species adapted to warmer climate. We explored these predictions in NW Himalayas, by revisiting uppermost plant populations after ten years (2003-2013), detailed monitoring of vegetation changes in permanent plots (2009-2012), and age analysis of plants growing from 5500 to 6150 m. Plant traits and microclimate variables were recorded to explain observed vegetation changes. The elevation limits of several species shifted up to 6150 m, about 150 vertical meters above the limit of continuous plant distribution. The plant age analysis corroborated the hypothesis of warming-driven uphill migration. However, the impact of warming interacts with increasing precipitation and physical disturbance. The extreme summer snowfall event in 2010 is likely responsible for substantial decrease in plant cover in both alpine and subnival vegetation and compositional shift towards species preferring wetter habitats. Simultaneous increase in summer temperature and precipitation caused rapid snow melt and, coupled with frequent night frosts, generated multiple freeze-thaw cycles detrimental to subnival plants. Our results suggest that plant species responses to ongoing climate change will not be unidirectional upward range shifts but rather multi-dimensional, species-specific and spatially variable.
- MeSH
- biodiverzita MeSH
- klimatické změny * MeSH
- populační dynamika * MeSH
- rostliny klasifikace MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Indie MeSH
Vascular plants in the western Tibetan Plateau reach 6000 m--the highest elevation on Earth. Due to the significant warming of the region, plant ranges are expected to shift upwards. However, factors governing maximum elevational limits of plant are unclear. To experimentally assess these factors, we transplanted 12 species from 5750 m to 5900 m (upper edge of vegetation) and 6100 m (beyond range) and monitored their survival for six years. In the first three years (2009-2012), there were plants surviving beyond the regional upper limit of vegetation. This supports the hypothesis of dispersal and/or recruitment limitation. Substantial warming, recorded in-situ during this period, very likely facilitated the survival. The survival was ecologically a non-random process, species better adapted to repeated soil freezing and thawing survived significantly better. No species have survived at 6100 m since 2013, probably due to the extreme snowfall in 2013. In conclusion, apart from the minimum heat requirements, our results show that episodic climatic events are decisive determinants of upper elevational limits of vascular plants.
- MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- fyziologie rostlin * MeSH
- nadmořská výška * MeSH
- podnebí MeSH
- roční období MeSH
- zahradničení * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Tibet MeSH
