Love is a phenomenon that occurs across the world and affects many aspects of human life, including the choice of, and process of bonding with, a romantic partner. Thus, developing a reliable and valid measure of love experiences is crucial. One of the most popular tools to quantify love is Sternberg's 45-item Triangular Love Scale (TLS-45), which measures three love components: intimacy, passion, and commitment. However, our literature review reveals that most studies (64%) use a broad variety of shortened versions of the TLS-45. Here, aiming to achieve scientific consensus and improve the reliability, comparability, and generalizability of results across studies, we developed a short version of the scale-the TLS-15-comprised of 15 items with 5-point, rather than 9-point, response scales. In Study 1 (N = 7,332), we re-analyzed secondary data from a large-scale multinational study that validated the original TLS-45 to establish whether the scale could be truncated. In Study 2 (N = 307), we provided evidence for the three-factor structure of the TLS-15 and its reliability. Study 3 (N = 413) confirmed convergent validity and test-retest stability of the TLS-15. Study 4 (N = 60,311) presented a large-scale validation across 37 linguistic versions of the TLS-15 on a cross-cultural sample spanning every continent of the globe. The overall results provide support for the reliability, validity, and cross-cultural invariance of the TLS-15, which can be used as a measure of love components-either separately or jointly as a three-factor measure.
Cieľom práce bolo hĺbkové skúmanie stanovovania si a dosahovania cieľov, ako aj prekonávanie prekážok u mladých dospelých v období pandémie COVID-19. Skúmaný súbor tvorilo 30 ľudí vo veku 19–29 rokov (19 mužov). Priemerný vek výskumného súboru bol 24,37 (SD = 3,05). Kvalitatívna analýza rozhovorov poukázala na niektoré už známe kľúčové (hlavné) témy dosahovania cieľov u mladých ľudí, avšak prináša aj ďalšie témy. Zistenia v oblasti dlhodobých cieľov poukazujú na to, že uprednostňovanie krátkodobých cieľov môže byť funkčnou odpoveďou na nemožnosť dosiahnuť dlhodobý cieľ, ale aj na to, že krátkodobé ciele sú preferované, pretože posilňujú self – pocit sebaúčinnosti, sebarealizácie a prinášajú uspokojenia z naplnenia cieľa. Analýzy poukázali tiež na dôležitosť fenoménu previazanosti cieľov, kedy plánovanie mladého človeka nemusí byť zamerané na naplnenie cieľa v istom čase, či veku (clock-time style), naopak, mladý človek sa môže zameriavať na udalosti (event-time style). Po dosiahnutí jedného cieľa začína vyvíjať aktivity smerom k ďalšiemu, previazanému cieľu. Dosiahnutie cieľa sa však nie vždy spája u mladých dospelých s pocitom uspokojenia. Zo zistení z oblasti „nestability cieľov“ mladých dospelých autori usudzujú, že výrazné zmeny cieľov sú potenciálne aj stratégiou kalibrácie, hľadania cieľov, ktoré jedinca napĺňajú a sú preňho zmysluplné. Dôležitým prínosom výskumu je aj sledovanie dynamiky plánovania a dosahovania cieľov mladých ľudí v období druhej vlny pandémie COVID-19 na Slovensku. Z analýz vyplýva, že pandemické obdobie má potenciál zasiahnuť všetky fázy procesu výberu a dosahovania cieľa. Kvalitatívny charakter štúdie však neumožňuje kvantifikovať tieto zistenia. Downloads PDF Published 2023-10-31 How to Cite Schrötter, J., Hricová, M. ., Kačmár, P. ., & Lovaš, L. . (2023). Dosahovanie cieľov a prekonávanie prekážok mladých ľudí v období pandémie covid-19: kvalitatívna štúdia. Československá Psychologie, 67(5), 273-290. https://doi.org/10.51561/cspsych.67.5.273 Issue Vol. 67 No. 5 (2023) Section Articles License Copyright (c) 2023 Jana Schrötter, Monika Hricová, Pavol Kačmár, Ladislav Lovaš Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Objectives. The aim of the study was to perform in-depth qualitative research of setting and pursuing goals, as well as overcoming obstacles in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sample and setting. The sample comprised 30 people, ages 19-29 years (19 men), the average age was 24.37 (SD = 3.05). Statistical analysis. Phenomenological qualitative analysis was performed. Results. Qualitative analysis of the interviews revealed some already known key (main) topics of achieving the goals in young adults, however, it also revealed additional significant topics. The analysis indicated that prioritizing short-term goals can be a functional response to the decreased ability to achieve a long-term goal, but also that short-term goals are preferred because they strengthen self: self-efficacy, self-realisation, and provide satisfaction from the goal attainment. The analysis also revealed the importance of the phenomenon of goal interconnection, where a young adult’s planning does not have to be focused on meeting a goal at a certain time or age (clock-time style); on the contrary, a young adult may focus on events (event-time style). By achieving one goal, a person can shift to achieving another, interconnected goal. However, in young adults achieving the goal is not always associated with a feeling of satisfaction. Results also suggested that sharp changes in goals (goals instability) could potentially be also a strategy of further goal calibration, a strategy of finding goals that are meaningful and fulfilling. An important contribution of the research is studying the goals and planning of young adults during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Slovakia. The results propose that the pandemic has the potential to affect all phases of the Mindset theory of Action Phases. Limitations. The qualitative character of the study does not enable the results to be quantified.
Objective. Research dedicated to turnover intentions has proliferated in the last decades, identifying various predictors of intention to voluntarily quit the organization. However, although previous studies indicated that younger employees are more prone to turnover intentions, emerging adulthood, as a specific developmental period, has been neglected in previous research dedication to turnover intentions. Emerging adulthood corresponds to ages 18–29 years, during which individuals consider themselves as no longer adolescents, but not yet as full‐fledged adults. Besides the achievement of developmental milestones, various psychologically based qualities – known as dimensions of emerging adulthood – are differentiated in a research literature, and can play a role in turnover intentions. Relatedly, although Psychological capital (PsyCap) – as a second‐order construct integrating hope, self‐efficacy, resilience, and optimism ‐ has been established as a correlate of intention to remain in the organization in previous studies, the role of positive psychological resources in intention to stay in an organization during emerging adulthood, as a specific developmental period, has been neglected. Moreover, recent literature also indicates that the relationship between psychological capital and turnover intention could be indirect – i.e., mediated by other variables such as work engagement – and that a similar pattern of results could be expected also in the case of dimensions of emerging adulthood. Thus, the aim of the present paper is to examine the role of (A) dimensions of emerging adulthood (as potentially important developmental factors) and (B) psychological capital (as a positive psychological state that could be purposefully cultivated) in the intention to remain in the organization both directly, and indirectly (i.e., potentially mediated via work engagement). Method. The sample consisted of 192 people in the age range of 19‐29 years. A cross sectional design has been employed. Psychological capital (CPC – 12R), Dimensions of emerg ing adulthood (IDEA‐8), Work engagement (UWES – 17), Intention to remain in the current or ganization (scale), and Big Five personality traits (BFI‐II ‐Short) have been used. Results. Results indicated that the intention to remain in the organization was positively related to engagement and to psychological capital, but it was not related to dimensions of emerging adulthood. In fact, a model with psychological capital ‐ as the only predictor ‐ was preferred according to the Bayesian multi‐model linear regression. Moreover, mediation analysis indicated that conditional on the model assumption – X (psychological capital) → M (work engagement) → Y (intention to remain in the organization), work engagement can account for a significant portion of the variance between X and Y. A similar pattern of results occurred concerning one dimension of emerging adulthood, namely the feeling in‐between – X (feeling in between) → M (work engagement) → Y (intention to remain in the organization). However, other dimensions of emerging adulthood were not relevant in the present context. The further exploratory analysis also indicated that dedication ‐ as specific aspect of engagement ‐ could be of some importance in the present context. Conclusions. It can be concluded that psychological capital predicted intention to remain in the current organization both directly and indirectly – via work engagement – and this could have practical implications as it seems that psychological capital is possible to cultivate. Moreover, although the role of feeling in‐between was rather indirect, smaller, and less certain, it can help us to better understand the nuances of the turnover intentions in a turbulent period of emerging adulthood. Limitations. The main limitation of the present study is the cross‐sectional research design and the convenience sampling. Therefore, replication and further extensions are recommended for future research.
Cieľ. Napriek tomu, že je v posledných rokoch venovanej Psychologickému kapitálu stále viac výskumnej pozornosti, škála, ktorá by tento konštrukt zachycovala v slovenskom jazyku, absentuje. V tejto predregistrovanej štúdii sa autori preto podujali na adaptovanie revidovanej Compound Psychological Capital scale (CPC-12R) do slovenského jazyka a na predstavenie úvodných faktorových, konvergentných, divergentných a súbežných dôkazov validity. Metódy. Výskumný súbor tvorilo 262 účastníkov. Boli využité CPC-12R a ďalšie škály, týkajúce sa rôznych oblastí (sféra práce, duševnej pohody a osobnostných čŕt). Výsledky. Čo sa týka dôkazov validity, týkajúcich sa faktorovej štruktúry, primárny model druhého rádu (PsyCap ako faktor druhého rádu a 4 subfaktory) ukázal predbežne akceptovateľné parametre. Čo sa týka konvergentných a divergentných dôkazov validity, výsledky ukázali, že škála súvisela s premennými z oblasti práce, všeobecnejšie chápanou duševnou pohodou, ako aj stabilnejšimi osobnostnými čŕtami. Presnejšie, škála bola vo vzťahu s pracovnou spokojnosťou (r=.45), úmyslom zotrvať v organizácii (r=.24), ako aj angažovanosťou a jej troma zložkami (r=.52, .36, a .24). Škala sa taktiež ukázala byť vo vzťahu so subjektívne vnímaným stresom (r=-.53), životnou spokojnosťou (r=.56) a viac emočne ladeným aspektom v intenciách pozitívneho (r=.50) a negatívneho (r=- .46) komponentu habituálnej životnej pohody. Okrem toho sa súvis preukázal s črtami modelu veľkej päťky, ako extraverzia (r=.44), svedomitosť (r=.36) a negatívna emocionalita (r=-.59), ale nie s estetickou senzitivitou (r=.02) (dôkaz divergentnej validity). Čo sa týka súbežných dôkazov validity, výsledky poukázali na to, že CPC-12R bolo v tesnom vzťahu s PCQ12 a to aj vtedy, keď autori zobrali do úvahy potenciálnu jazykovú bariéru účastníkov výskumu. Limity. Medzi hlavné limity patria predovšetkým prierezový charakter štúdie a príležitostný výber výskumného súboru. Závery. Štúdia prináša CPC-12R do slovenského jazykového prostredia a ponúka úvodne dôkazy pre viaceré druhy validity.
Objective. Although Psychological capital has encountered increasing research interest in recent years, the scale for measuring PsyCap is absent in the Slovak language. In the present pre-registered study, the authors provide the initial results of the adaptation of the Revised Compound Psychological Capital Scale to the Slovak language. Method. A cross-sectional study with N = 262 people has been conducted. CPC-12R and measures of theoretically related constructs have been used. Results. With regards to evidence for factor validity, the authors found that the default higher-order model (PsyCap as a second-order factor & four first-order dimensions – hope, optimism, self-efficacy, and resilience) provided an acceptable fit to the data. With regards to evidence for convergent and divergent validity, the authors found that, as hypothesized, CPC-12R was related to a set of variables covering: A) a more specific work-related domain, B) more general well-being, and also C) more stable personality traits. More specifically, the scale correlated with work satisfaction, staying intentions, and three aspects of engagement (namely vigor, absorption, and dedication). Furthermore, the scale correlated with subjectively perceived stress, life satisfaction, and emotional components of habitual well-being. The scale was also related to Big-five personality domains, such as extraversion, conscientiousness, and negative emotionality, but not to the aesthetic sensitivity facet (considered as evidence for divergent validity). With regard to evidence for concurrent validity, the authors found that CPC-12R was strongly related to PCQ12 and both scales were related to other variables of interest to a similar degree.
The study of moral judgements often centres on moral dilemmas in which options consistent with deontological perspectives (that is, emphasizing rules, individual rights and duties) are in conflict with options consistent with utilitarian judgements (that is, following the greater good based on consequences). Greene et al. (2009) showed that psychological and situational factors (for example, the intent of the agent or the presence of physical contact between the agent and the victim) can play an important role in moral dilemma judgements (for example, the trolley problem). Our knowledge is limited concerning both the universality of these effects outside the United States and the impact of culture on the situational and psychological factors affecting moral judgements. Thus, we empirically tested the universality of the effects of intent and personal force on moral dilemma judgements by replicating the experiments of Greene et al. in 45 countries from all inhabited continents. We found that personal force and its interaction with intention exert influence on moral judgements in the US and Western cultural clusters, replicating and expanding the original findings. Moreover, the personal force effect was present in all cultural clusters, suggesting it is culturally universal. The evidence for the cultural universality of the interaction effect was inconclusive in the Eastern and Southern cultural clusters (depending on exclusion criteria). We found no strong association between collectivism/individualism and moral dilemma judgements.
Ciele. V predošlých výskumoch boli dokumentované rôzne dopady pandémie COVID-19 na mentálne zdravie. Menej pozornosti však bolo venovanej tomu, ktoré faktory tu môžu zohrávať protektívnu rolu. Otázky a hypotézy. Predkladaná štúdia sa zaoberá tým, akú rolu zohrávali tri druhy pozitívnych očakávaní (optimizmus, nádej a sebaúčinnosť) v rámci subjektívnej pohody a prežívanej úzkosti počas nástupu prvej vlny pandémie COVID-19 na Slovensku. Súbor a metódy. Výskum bol realizovaný po tom, ako bol na Slovensku vyhlásený núdzový stav (N = 1011). Autori zisťovali sme subjektívnu pohodu, aktuálne prežívanú úzkosť, tri druhy očakávaní (nádej, optimizmus a všeobecnú sebaúčinnosť) a to, do akej miery vnímali účastníci výskumu koronavírus ako nebezpečný. Druhý zber dát sa konal po celoštátnom lockdowne (N = 391). Tu sa autori zamerali na stratégie zvládania. Analýzy. V rámci analýzy dát boli využité dva postupy. Prvý bol reprezentovaný lineárnou regresiou pracujúcou s viacerými modelmi (Bayesiánsky prístup), druhý mediačnou analýzou (Frekventistický prístup). Výsledky. V hlavnej časti (N = 1011), realizovanej krátko povyhlásení núdzového stavu, sa ako dôležitý prediktor ukázal predovšetkým optimizmus. Pozitívne predikoval subjektívnu pohodu a negatívne prežívanú úzkosť. Zmienený vzťah bol sprostredkovaný tým, do akej miery považovali účastníci výskumu koronavírus za nebezpečný. Okrem toho, sebaúčinnosť negatívne predikovala prežívanú úzkosť a subškály nádeje predikovali subjektívnu pohodu. V nadväzujúcom zbere dát (N = 391), uskutočnenom po prvom lockdowne, sa autori zamerali na rolu stratégii zvládania ako potenciálneho mediátora vo vzťahu medzi očakávaniami a kritérialnými premennými. Tu sa ako jeden z potenciálne dôležitých mechanizmov ukázali predovšetkým dysfunkčné stratégie zvládania stresu. Limity. Medzi limity možno zaradiť príležitostný výber výskumného súboru a to, že otázka, týkajúca sa toho, do akej miery tu šlo o vzťah špecifický pre pandémiu, zostáva aj naďalej otvorená. Okrem toho je nevyhnutné, aby výzkumníci zostali pri vyjadrovaní sa k otázke kauzality nanajvýš opatrní.
Objectives. Although various mental health-related consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic have been documented, there has been far less attention given to potential protective factors. Questions and hypotheses. In the present study, authors examined the role of three types of positive expectancies - optimism, hope, and self-efficacy - as predictors of well-being and anxiety. Furthermore, authors examined the role of coping strategies as a potential mediator between expectancies and criterion variables. Sample and settings. The present study was conducted during the COVID-19 outbreak in Slovakia after a national emergency was declared (N=1011). Additionally, longitudinal follow up was conducted after a national lockdown (N=391). Statistical analysis. Multi-model linear regression (the Bayesian approach) and simple mediation analysis (the Frequentist approach) were used to answer research questions. Results. In the main study with N=1011 participants sampled after a national emergency was declared, the role of optimism in predicting anxiety and well-being was corroborated. Moreover, this finding was replicated after a national lockdown and the degree to which Coronavirus was considered dangerous served as a potential mediator. Besides optimism, self-efficacy negatively predicted anxiety, and subscales of hope predicted well-being. Additionally, the role of coping strategies as potential mediator was examined. In follow up with N=391 respondents who decided to participate after the national lockdown, authors found an indirect effect of optimism on well-being and anxiety through dysfunctional coping. Limitations. The present study has some limitations that should be reflected upon. For example, convenience sampling was used. Moreover, interpretations related to causality should be avoided and the specificity of the effect in relation to a pandemic situation should be further examined in future research.
The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: The stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 12 May 2020. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4878591.v1.
- MeSH
- COVID-19 psychologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- emoce * MeSH
- emoční regulace * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
Over the past 10 years, Oosterhof and Todorov's valence-dominance model has emerged as the most prominent account of how people evaluate faces on social dimensions. In this model, two dimensions (valence and dominance) underpin social judgements of faces. Because this model has primarily been developed and tested in Western regions, it is unclear whether these findings apply to other regions. We addressed this question by replicating Oosterhof and Todorov's methodology across 11 world regions, 41 countries and 11,570 participants. When we used Oosterhof and Todorov's original analysis strategy, the valence-dominance model generalized across regions. When we used an alternative methodology to allow for correlated dimensions, we observed much less generalization. Collectively, these results suggest that, while the valence-dominance model generalizes very well across regions when dimensions are forced to be orthogonal, regional differences are revealed when we use different extraction methods and correlate and rotate the dimension reduction solution. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: The stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 5 November 2018. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.7611443.v1 .
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- emoce MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mínění MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- psychologické modely MeSH
- sociální percepce etnologie psychologie MeSH
- srovnání kultur MeSH
- výraz obličeje MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
