Článek popisuje strom azadirachtu indickou, zvaný neem, a výrobky z něj. Tyto výrobky se používají v tradiční medicíně, jako agrochemikálie, zdroj biologicky aktivních látek, ale i jako součást potravy. Článek popisuje hlavní chemické složky, jmenovitě azadirachtin.
The article deals with the Azadirachta indica tree, called neem, which, as well as its products, is used in traditional medicine, agrochemicals, as a source of biologically active substances, but also as part of food. It describes the main chemical components, namely azadirachtin.
The article deals with the Azadirachta indica tree, called neem, which, as well as its products, is used in traditional medicine, agrochemicals, as a source of biologically active substances, but also as part of food. It describes the main chemical components, namely azadirachtin.
Zika virus (ZIKV) has been characterized as one of many potential pathogens and placed under future epidemic outbreaks by the WHO. However, a lack of potential therapeutics can result in an uncontrolled pandemic as with other human pandemic viruses. Therefore, prioritized effective therapeutics development has been recommended against ZIKV. In this context, the present study adopted a strategy to explore the lead compounds from Azadirachta indica against ZIKV via concurrent inhibition of the NS2B-NS3 protease (ZIKVpro) and NS5 RNA dependent RNA polymerase (ZIKVRdRp) proteins using molecular simulations. Initially, structure-based virtual screening of 44 bioflavonoids reported in Azadirachta indica against the crystal structures of targeted ZIKV proteins resulted in the identification of the top four common bioflavonoids, viz. Rutin, Nicotiflorin, Isoquercitrin, and Hyperoside. These compounds showed substantial docking energy (-7.9 to -11.01 kcal/mol) and intermolecular interactions with essential residues of ZIKVpro (B:His51, B:Asp75, and B:Ser135) and ZIKVRdRp (Asp540, Ile799, and Asp665) by comparison to the reference compounds, O7N inhibitor (ZIKVpro) and Sofosbuvir inhibitor (ZIKVRdRp). Besides, long interval molecular dynamics simulation (500 ns) on the selected docked poses reveals stability of the respective docked poses contributed by intermolecular hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. The predicted complex stability was further supported by calculated end-point binding free energy using molecular mechanics generalized born surface area (MM/GBSA) method. Consequently, the identified common bioflavonoids are recommended as promising therapeutic inhibitors of ZIKVpro and ZIKVRdRp against ZIKV for further experimental assessment.
- MeSH
- Antiviral Agents chemistry MeSH
- Azadirachta * chemistry MeSH
- Flavonoids chemistry MeSH
- Zika Virus Infection * drug therapy MeSH
- Protease Inhibitors chemistry MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Lead pharmacology MeSH
- Peptide Hydrolases pharmacology MeSH
- RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase MeSH
- Molecular Docking Simulation MeSH
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins metabolism MeSH
- Zika Virus * MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
During our investigation on the endophytic fungi of Azadirachta indica, the strain YM 311593 was obtained from the fruit of the plant. The culture extract of the strain showed antifungal activities against four phytopathogenic fungi. Based on the morphological features and phylogenetic definition, the strain YM 311593 was identified as Paraconiothyrium sp. Four xanthones and one anthraquinone were obtained from the extract of the fermentation broth of the strain. They were characterized to be globosuxanthone A (1), vertixanthone (2), hydroxyvertixanthone (3), 3,8-dihydroxy-1-methy1-9H- xanthen-9-one (4), and danthron (5), respectively, by spectroscopic elucidation. Furthermore, the absolute configuration of 1 was deduced by X-ray diffraction analysis. Besides, compound 4 was firstly found from natural sources. The antifungal activities of compounds 1-5 towards four phytopathogens were assayed using broth microdilution method. Among them, globosuxanthone A (1) showed obvious antifungal activity towards Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium solani, and Botrytis cinerea with MIC values of 4, 8, and 16 μg/mL, respectively.
- MeSH
- Ascomycota chemistry isolation & purification MeSH
- Azadirachta microbiology MeSH
- Endophytes chemistry isolation & purification MeSH
- Phylogeny MeSH
- Fungi drug effects MeSH
- Culture Media chemistry MeSH
- Fruit microbiology MeSH
- Fungicides, Industrial isolation & purification pharmacology MeSH
- Xanthones isolation & purification pharmacology MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Pesticide resistance is going to change rapidly our antibiotics and insecticides arsenal. In this scenario, plant-derived natural products are considered valuable candidates to reverse this negative trend. Growing research attention is focused on neem (Azadirachta indica, Meliaceae), exploring the utility of its products as insecticides and antibiotics. In this review, we summarised the knowledge on neem oil and neem cake by-products in arthropod pest control, with special reference to mosquito vectors of public health importance. To the best of our knowledge, neem-borne products currently showed effective and eco-friendly features, including little non-target effects, multiple mechanisms of action, low cost, easy production in countries with limited industrial facilities. In particular, the potentiality of neem cake as ideal and affordable source of mosquitocidal compounds in anopheline and aedine control programmes is outlined. Overall, we propose the employ of neem-based products as an advantageous alternative to build newer and safer arthropod control tools.
- MeSH
- Azadirachta * MeSH
- Ethnobotany MeSH
- Glycerides pharmacology MeSH
- Insecticides pharmacology MeSH
- Pest Control MeSH
- Terpenes pharmacology MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Review MeSH
- MeSH
- Azadirachta * MeSH
- Phytotherapy MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Plant Oils therapeutic use MeSH
- Plant Extracts therapeutic use MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Popular Work MeSH
Four commercially available essential oils (Eucalyptus sp., Lavandula officinalis, Citrus sinensis, and Melia azedarach) were tested for repellency against the tick Ixodes ricinus in comparison with the synthetic repellent DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide). The test substances were applied either topically or used directly in the process of fabric treatment (by spraying or impregnation). The horizontal circular test on the carton showed an initial difference in the repellency of not more than 10 % between the natural repellents and DEET; however, the fall off tests with vertical treated fabrics showed the synthetic repellent to be significantly superior to the four essential oils.
V laboratorních podmínkách byly na klíšťatech (Ixodes ricinus) testovány některé přírodní rostlinné repelenty – esenciální oleje z eukalyptu (Eucalyptus sp.), levandule (Lavandula officinalis), pomerančovníku (Citrus sinensis), indického šeříku (Melia azedarach) ve srovnání se syntetickým repelentem DEET (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamid). Látky byly aplikovány topikálně nebo využité při úpravě textilií impregnací či sprejovým postřikem. Zatímco při horizontálně situovaném kruhovém testu na kartonu se počáteční účinnost DEETu a přírodních repelentů lišila maximálně pouze o 10 %, testy s vertikálně zavěšenými textiliemi (metoda Fall off) ošetřenými repelenty ukázaly jednoznačně vyšší účinnost syntetického repelentu. Vzhledem k nutnosti prodloužení funkčnosti textilií impregnovaných přírodními látkami např. mikroenkapsulací je další výzkum účinnosti přírodních repelentů proti klíšťatům nezbytný.
- Keywords
- přírodní repelent, syntetický repelent,
- MeSH
- Azadirachta MeSH
- Cyclodextrins MeSH
- DEET MeSH
- Eucalyptus MeSH
- Insecticides MeSH
- Ixodes * MeSH
- Lavandula MeSH
- Oils, Volatile * MeSH
- Citrus sinensis MeSH
- Insect Repellents * MeSH
- Textiles MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Evaluation Study MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Comparative Study MeSH
Malaria transmission is a serious emergence in urban and semiurban areas worldwide, becoming a major international public health concern. Malaria is transmitted through the bites of Anopheles mosquitoes. The extensive employ of synthetic pesticides leads to negative effects on human health and the environment. Recently, plant-synthesized nanoparticles have been proposed as highly effective mosquitocides. In this research, we synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNP) using the Azadirachta indica seed kernel extract as reducing and stabilizing agent. AgNP were characterized by UV-vis spectrophotometry, SEM, EDX, XRD and FTIR spectroscopy. The A. indica seed kernel extract was toxic against Anopheles stephensi larvae and pupae, LC50 were 232.8ppm (larva I), 260.6ppm (II), 290.3ppm (III), 323.4ppm (IV), and 348.4ppm (pupa). AgNP LC50 were 3.9ppm (I), 4.9ppm (II), 5.6ppm (III), 6.5ppm (IV), and 8.2ppm (pupa). The antiplasmodial activity of A. indica seed kernel extract and AgNP was evaluated against CQ-resistant (CQ-r) and CQ-sensitive (CQ-s) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. IC50 of A. indica seed kernel extract were 63.18μg/ml (CQ-s) and 69.24μg/ml (CQ-r). A. indica seed kernel-synthesized AgNP achieved IC50, of 82.41μg/ml (CQ-s) and 86.12μg/ml (CQ-r). However, in vivo anti-plasmodial experiments conducted on Plasmodium berghei infecting albino mice showed moderate activity of the A. indica extract and AgNP. Overall, this study showed that the A. indica-mediated fabrication of AgNP is of interest for a wide array of purposes, ranging from IPM of mosquito vectors to the development of novel and cheap antimalarial drugs.
- MeSH
- Anopheles drug effects growth & development parasitology MeSH
- Antimalarials pharmacology MeSH
- Azadirachta chemistry metabolism MeSH
- Metal Nanoparticles chemistry MeSH
- Pupa drug effects parasitology MeSH
- Larva drug effects parasitology MeSH
- Malaria parasitology prevention & control MeSH
- Plasmodium berghei drug effects MeSH
- Plasmodium falciparum drug effects MeSH
- Silver pharmacology MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
23 s. : il. ; 20 cm
Informace o exotické léčivé rostlině, která je dobře známá v ajurvédské medicíně jako bezpečný prostředek při léčbě mnoha zdravotních problémů.
- Conspectus
- Farmacie. Farmakologie
- NML Fields
- farmacie a farmakologie
- farmacie a farmakologie
- NML Publication type
- informační publikace
