AIM: To utilize three-dimensional (3D) geometric morphometry for visualization of the level of facial asymmetry in patients with the oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum (OAVS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three-dimensional facial scans of 25 Czech patients with OAVS were processed. The patients were divided into subgroups according to Pruzansky classification. For 13 of them, second 3D facial scans were obtained. The 3D facial scans were processed using geometric morphometry. Soft tissue facial asymmetry in the sagittal plane and its changes in two time spots were visualized using colour-coded maps with a thermometre-like scale. RESULTS: Individual facial asymmetry was visualized in all patients as well as the mean facial asymmetry for every Pruzansky subgroup. The mean colour-coded maps of type I and type IIA subgroups showed no differences in facial asymmetry, more pronounced asymmetry in the middle and the lower facial third was found between type IIA and type IIB (maximum 1.5 mm) and between type IIB and type III (maximum 2 mm). The degree of intensity facial asymmetry in affected middle and lower facial thirds did not change distinctly during the two time spots in all subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: The 3D geometric morphometry in OAVS patients could be a useful tool for objective facial asymmetry assessment in patients with OAVS. The calculated colour-coded maps are illustrative and useful for clinical evaluation.
- MeSH
- asymetrie obličeje * diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- Goldenharův syndrom * diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- kefalometrie metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- obličej anatomie a histologie diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- zobrazování trojrozměrné * metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Cluster analyzes of facial models of autistic patients aim to clarify whether it is possible to diagnose autism on the basis of facial features and further to stratify the autism spectrum disorder. We performed a cluster analysis of sets of 3D scans of ASD patients (116) and controls (157) using Euclidean and geodesic distances in order to recapitulate the published results on the Czech population. In the presented work, we show that the major factor determining the clustering structure and consequently also the correlation of resulting clusters with autism severity degree is body mass index corrected for age (BMIFA). After removing the BMIFA effect from the data in two independent ways, both the cluster structure and autism severity correlations disappeared. Despite the fact that the influence of body mass index (BMI) on facial dimensions was studied many times, this is the first time to our knowledge when BMI was incorporated into the faces clustering study and it thereby casts doubt on previous results. We also performed correlation analysis which showed that the only correction used in the existing clustering studies-dividing the facial distance by the average value within the face-is not eliminating correlation between facial distances and BMIFA within the facial cohort.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- index tělesné hmotnosti * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- obličej * diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- poruchy autistického spektra * diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- shluková analýza MeSH
- zobrazování trojrozměrné * metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate changes in facial size and shape in children and their relationship to the changes in height and weight. METHODS: One hundred and thirteen healthy children aged between 6 and 13 years were followed annually for 2 consecutive years. The facial morphology was captured in 12-month intervals (from T1 to T2 and from T2 to T3) using a 3-dimensional stereophotogrammetric optical scanner; the body height and weight were recorded simultaneously. The changes in facial size and shape were analyzed with geometric morphometrics. Multiple regression mixed-effects models were exploited for evaluation of the association between the changes of facial size or shape and age at the beginning of the observation, gender, and change of height and weight. RESULTS: The centroid size (reflecting facial size) increased from T1 to T2 and T2 to T3 in boys and girls. In contrast, the facial shape did not change during both 12-month observation periods (T1 to T2 and T2 to T3) either in boys or girls. Of 2 multiple regression mixed-effects models, only the model with the change of natural logarithm of centroid size as a dependent variable was statistically significant (P <0.001; adjusted r2 = 0.29). It showed that height and weight changes were associated with a change of the facial size (with weight change having a greater effect than height change: adjusted r2 = 0.25 for weight change and adjusted r2 = 0.106 for height change). CONCLUSIONS: Most changes in the facial morphology observed in our cohort were associated with increasing facial size. In contrast, the shape of the face remained relatively constant. Body height and weight gains were associated with the change of the facial size only. However, only 29% of the variation in facial size was explained by height or weight changes during growth.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- fotogrammetrie MeSH
- hmotnostní přírůstek MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- následné studie MeSH
- obličej * anatomie a histologie diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- tělesná výška * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Aim: The aim of the presented study was to establish whether we can find differences in facial soft tissues morphology in patients with cleft palate compared to normal population using 3D facial scan, and to present a non-invasive examination method of 3D morphometrics. Material and method: The sample of patients included 22 men and 26 women. The most frequent in the patients was cleft hard and soft palate (83%), followed by submucous cleft palate (15%), and cleft soft palate (2%). The age of patients was within the interval 8 years and 1 months and 13 years and 11 months. The sample was subdivided into three groups according to the age. Measurements were performed with optical scanner 3dMDface System. The shape of cleft patient’s face was compared with physiologically average face of the controls of the given age and sex with SD score. Deviations between the scans were visualized with colour score in each patient. Results: In most patients the extent of cleft defect correlates with the extent of morphological changes of facial soft tissues. The mean deviation comparing facial maps of patients with cleft palate and the control group is 1.5 (SD). Conclusion: The results suggest that changes in facial soft tissues in patients with cleft palate are expressed.
- MeSH
- anatomická značka MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- fotografie zubní metody přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- kefalometrie metody přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- obličej * diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- rozštěp patra * diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- klinická studie MeSH
Apart from morphological differences, male and female faces also vary in color, especially in overall lightness and facial contrast, i.e., the contrast between the luminance and color of facial features (eyes, lips, or brows) and luminance and color of the surrounding skin. In many populations, it has been demonstrated that women tend to be lighter than men. Other differences were found in facial contrast: women have a higher contrast between the lightness of their eyes and lips and the surrounding skin. Manipulation of this contrast in an artificial genderless face can result in a masculine or feminine appearance. So far, however, this phenomenon has been studied mostly in Euro-American and East Asian samples, with little evidence from populations with darker facial tone. We explored natural sexual dimorphism in both facial contrast and lightness in an African, namely Cameroonian, sample, and compared it with results for a European, in particular Czech, population. Our findings showed that sexual differences in luminance contrast of eyes and brows were in both studied populations similar but in the Cameroonian sample, significant difference in lips contrast was absent. These results indicate that sex differences in facial contrast are a side effect of the sex differences in skin color and can be used as a proxy for skin color perception.
- MeSH
- černoši MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- obličej * diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- pigmentace kůže MeSH
- pohlavní dimorfismus * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- střední Afrika MeSH
OBJECTIVES: Since the normal, non-pathological facial growth in preschool children is not sufficiently reported, the aim was to follow growth changes of facial surface, sex differences and facial variability in preschool children using 3D stereophotogrammetry. SETTINGS AND SAMPLE POPULATION: Mixed longitudinal sample of healthy Caucasian preschool children without head and facial trauma or craniofacial anomalies from 3.4 to 6.7 years of age consisted of 25 girls and 17 boys. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 136 3D facial models from optical scanner Vectra 3D were evaluated by geometric morphometrics (CPC-DCA, PCA, per-vertex t test). RESULTS: In both sexes, the lower face was widened and elongated, and the prominences of the superciliary arches, lower orbital region, nose, lips and chin increased. Facial surface increments were more even in girls with a maximum between the fourth and fifth year of age, while in boys, there was the most intensive growth between fifth and sixth year of age. Sexual dimorphism was very stable during investigated period, only less statistically significant at the age of 3 years. Boys had more prominent lateral lower part of forehead, nose and lips than girls in every age category. CONCLUSIONS: The longitudinal growth of the face between third and sixth year of age was similar in both sexes, facial sex differences were found in terms of intensity, size and timing. Variability of facial form showed that boys' faces were larger on average and facial shape did not differ. The knowledge of facial growth is essential for diagnostics and clinical practice.
- MeSH
- fotogrammetrie * MeSH
- kefalometrie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- longitudinální studie MeSH
- nos anatomie a histologie diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- obličej anatomie a histologie diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- zobrazování trojrozměrné * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
As understanding of the genetics of bipolar disorder increases, controversy endures regarding whether the origins of this illness include early maldevelopment. Clarification would be facilitated by a 'hard' biological index of fetal developmental abnormality, among which craniofacial dysmorphology bears the closest embryological relationship to brain dysmorphogenesis. Therefore, 3D laser surface imaging was used to capture the facial surface of 21 patients with bipolar disorder and 45 control subjects; 21 patients with schizophrenia were also studied. Surface images were subjected to geometric morphometric analysis in non-affine space for more incisive resolution of subtle, localised dysmorphologies that might distinguish patients from controls. Complex and more biologically informative, non-linear changes distinguished bipolar patients from control subjects. On a background of minor dysmorphology of the upper face, maxilla, midface and periorbital regions, bipolar disorder was characterised primarily by the following dysmorphologies: (a) retrusion and shortening of the premaxilla, nose, philtrum, lips and mouth (the frontonasal prominences), with (b) some protrusion and widening of the mandible-chin. The topography of facial dysmorphology in bipolar disorder indicates disruption to early development in the frontonasal process and, on embryological grounds, cerebral dysmorphogenesis in the forebrain, most likely between the 10th and 15th week of fetal life.
- MeSH
- analýza hlavních komponent MeSH
- bipolární porucha komplikace diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kraniofaciální abnormality komplikace diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mozek diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- obličej diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- schizofrenie diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- zobrazování trojrozměrné metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- rekonstrukce obličeje,
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- obličej * diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- zobrazování trojrozměrné * metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Úvod a cíl práce: Okulo-aurikulo-vertebrální spektrum (OAVS) je vrozený komplex malformací s extrémně variabilním fenotypem. Jsou postiženy jednostranně obličejové struktury vznikající během embryonálního vývoje z prvního a druhého žaberního oblouku a zasahující první žaberní váček, první žaberní štěrbinu a základ temporální kosti. Cílem předkládané práce je seznámit čtenáře s klinickým obrazem onemocnění, jehož nejnápadnějším projevem je faciální asymetrie provázená řadou funkčních poruch, a dále představit neinvazivní vyšetřovací metody 3D morfometrie, která umožňuje systematické sledování a vyhodnocování rozvoje a rozsahu morfologické deviace a asymetrie obličeje. Metoda: U šesti pacientů (ve věkovém rozmezí od šesti do 15 let; 5 , 1 ) s okulo-aurikulo-vertebrálním spektrem bylo vytvořeno přesné geometrické 3D zobrazení obličeje pacientů optickou metodou – stereofotogrammetrií. Pomocí metody CPD-DCA (coherent point drift – dense correspondence analysis) byla provedena vzájemná registrace faciálních modelů. U každého pacienta byl zkonstruován dokonale symetrický obličej. Rozdíly mezi konstruovaným symetrickým obličejem a skutečným obličejem byly znázorněny pomocí barevné mapy. Takto zobrazené individuální asymetrie pacientů byly kvantitativně zpracovány a analyzovány v časovém rozpětí 9–23 měsíců. Výsledky: Prokázaly se pouze malé rozdíly ve změně asymetrie obličeje pacientů s OAVS, což svědčí o nevýznamné dynamice rozvoje faciálních malformací u pacientů s tímto onemocněním. Nenašli jsme závislost mezi změnami reliéfu obličeje a věkem pacienta během sledovaného období. Taktéž nebyla nalezena korelace mezi závažností vady a rozvojem asymetrie. Oproti předpokladům se nepotvrdilo významné zhoršování morfologie obličeje u rostoucích pacientů s OAVS, což umožňuje uspokojivou kompenzaci vady včasnou ortodontickou léčbou. Neinvazivní 3D morfometrické vyšetření obličeje je optimální metodou pro sledování vývoje obličejových asymetrií.
Introduction and aim: Oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum (OAVS) is a congenital complex of extremely variable phenotypes. Typically, unilaterally aff ected structures are facial structures developing from the fi rst and second branchial arches and fi rst pharyngeal pouch and fi rst branchial cleft and the basis of temporal bone. The aim is to introduce the clinical conditions of the disease whose facial asymmetry is accompanied by a number of functional disorders. Moreover, it presents non-invasive 3D morphometry, that enables evaluation of the morphological deviation of the aff ected area. Methods: An accurate geometric 3D image of the patient's face was created by the optical method – stereophotogrammetry in six patients (age from 6 to 15; 5 , 1 ) with OAVS. Using the construction of dense correspondence mapping by CPD-DCA (coherent point drift – dense correspondence analysis) method between facial meshes, model registration were performed. A perfectly symmetrical face was constructed for each patient. The diff erences between the constructed symmetrical face and the real patient's face were shown using a color map. The individual asymmetry thus displayed was quantitatively processed and analyzed over a period of nine to 23 months. Results: Only minor differences in facial asymmetry of OAVS patients have been demonstrated, suggesting an insignificant dynamics in the development of facial malformations in patients with this disease. We did not find a dependence between face relief changes and patient age during the reference period. There was also no correlation between the severity of the defect and the development of asymmetry. Conclusion: Significant worsening of facial morphology in growing OAVS patients has not been confirmed as supposed. That allows satisfactory compensation of defects by early orthodontic treatment. Non-invasive 3D morphometric facial scanning is an optimal method for monitoring the development of facial asymmetries.
- Klíčová slova
- 3D morfometrie, morfometrie,
- MeSH
- asymetrie obličeje diagnostické zobrazování patofyziologie MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- Goldenharův syndrom * dějiny diagnostické zobrazování patofyziologie MeSH
- klinická studie jako téma MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mnohočetné abnormality diagnostické zobrazování patofyziologie MeSH
- obličej abnormality diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- zobrazování trojrozměrné metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
