Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) is an essential molecule triggering the adaptive immune response by the presentation of pathogens to helper T cells. The association between individual MHC II variants and various parasites has become a frequent finding in studies of vertebrate populations. However, although bird ectoparasites have a significant effect on their host's fitness, and the host's immune system can regulate ectoparasitic infections, no study has yet investigated the association between MHC II polymorphism and ectoparasite infection in the populations of free-living birds. Here, we test whether an association exists between the abundance of a chewing louse (Myrsidea nesomimi) and MHC II polymorphism of its hosts, the Galápagos mockingbirds (Mimus). We have found that the presence of two MHC II supertypes (functionally differentiated clusters) was significantly associated with louse abundance. This pattern supports the theory that a co-evolutionary interaction stands behind the maintenance of MHC polymorphism. Moreover, we have found a positive correlation between louse abundance and heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (an indicator of immunological stress) that serves as an additional piece of evidence that ectoparasite burden is affected by immunological state of Galápagos mockingbirds.

• MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• histokompatibilita - antigeny třídy II genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• paraziti klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Passeriformes imunologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• Phthiraptera klasifikace   imunologie   MeSH
• polymorfismus genetický genetika   MeSH
• zavšivení imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Five new species of Mulcticola Clay et Meinertzhagen, 1938 are described and illustrated from Brazil. These new species and their hosts are: Mulcticola sicki sp. n. from the sand-coloured nighthawk, Chordeiles rupestris rupestris (Spix), Mulcticola bacurau sp. n. from the common pauraque, Nyctidromus albicollis (Gmelin), Mulcticola tendeiroi sp. n. from the long-trained nightjar, Macropsalis forcipata (Nitzsch), Mulcticola piacentinii sp. n. from the short-tailed nighthawk, Lurocalis semitorquatus semitorquatus (Gmelin) (type-host) and L. s. nattereri (Temminck), and Mulcticola parvulus sp. n. from the little nightjar, Setopagis parvula (Gould). These species were compared primarily with Mulcticola nacunda Carriker, 1945 from the nacunda nighthawk, Chordeiles nacunda nacunda (Vieillot), which is one of the species of Mulcticola previously recorded in the Neotropical region. All the five new species described herein differ from their congeners by exclusive characters such as the shape of anterior dorsal head plate, metasternal plate, subvulvar plates in females and genitalia in males. We increased the number of species in Mulcticola to 18 in total, with seven of them now known from the Neotropics. We present the main morphological characters to distinguish Mulcticola from other species of the Philopteridae parasitising Caprimulgiformes and also compile a detailed catalogue for species included in this louse genus.

• Klíčová slova
• lelkové,
• MeSH
• Phthiraptera * anatomie a histologie   klasifikace   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• ptáci parazitologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Brazílie MeSH

Polymorphic microsatellite loci were characterised for two louse species, the anopluran Polyplax serrata Burmeister, 1839, parasitising Eurasian field mice of the genus Apodemus Kaup, and the amblyceran Myrsidea nesomimi Palma et Price, 2010, found on mocking birds endemic to the Galápagos Islands. Evolutionary histories of the two parasites show complex patterns influenced both by their geographic distribution and through coevolution with their respective hosts, which renders them prospective evolutionary models. In P. serrata, 16 polymorphic loci were characterised and screened across 72 individuals from four European populations that belong to two sympatric mitochondrial lineages differing in their breadth of host-specificity. In M. nesomimi, 66 individuals from three island populations and two host species were genotyped for 15 polymorphic loci. The observed heterozygosity varied from 0.05 to 0.9 in P. serrata and from 0.0 to 0.96 in M. nesomimi. Deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were frequently observed in the populations of both parasites. Fst distances between tested populations correspond with previous phylogenetic data, suggesting the microsatellite loci are an informative resource for ecological and evolutionary studies of the two parasites.

• Klíčová slova
• polymorfismus,
• MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• genotypizační techniky MeSH
• heterozygot MeSH
• hostitelská specificita MeSH
• koevoluce MeSH
• mikrosatelitní repetice MeSH
• Murinae parazitologie   MeSH
• oligonukleotidy MeSH
• Passeriformes parazitologie   MeSH
• Phthiraptera * klasifikace   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• populační genetika metody   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Ekvádor MeSH
• Evropa MeSH

Ten new species of Myrsidea Waterston, 1915 parasitic on members of the avian families Formicariidae, Thraupidae, Tyrannidae, Troglodytidae and Icteridae are described herein. They and their type hosts are M. isacantha sp. n. ex Chamaeza nobilis Gould, M. circumsternata sp. n. ex Formicarius colma Boddaert (Formicariidae); M. cacioppoi sp. n. ex Lanio fulvus (Boddaert), M. brasiliensis sp. n. ex Tangara chilensis (Vigors), M. saviti sp. n. ex Tangara schrankii (Spix) (Thraupidae), M. rodriguesae sp. n. ex Cnipodectes subbrunneus (Sclater), M. cnemotriccola sp. n. ex Cnemotriccus fuscatus (Wied-Neuwied), M. lathrotriccola sp. n. ex Lathrotriccus euleri (Cabanis) (Tyrannidae), M. faccioae sp. n. ex Cyphorhinus arada transfluvialis (Todd) (Troglodytidae), and M. lampropsaricola sp. n. ex Lampropsar tanagrinus (Spix) (Icteridae). Among these are two new Myrsidea species described from the avian family Formicariidae, which previously had only a single described Myrsidea species, and a new host record for M. cinnamomei Dalgleish et Price, 2005 ex Attila citriniventris Sclater. Analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I sequences for these and other neotropical Myrsidea species provides an assessment of their phylogenetic relationships and indicates that all of these newly described species are genetically distinct. We also put these descriptions into context by estimating the potential number of unnamed Myrsidea species in Brazil, given the known diversity of potential hosts and typical levels of host specificity for Myrsidea species. Our estimate indicates that Brazilian Myrsidea species diversity is likely more than an order of magnitude greater than the number of described Myrsidea species known from Brazil, highlighting the need for future work on this megadiverse ectoparasite genus.

• MeSH
• biodiverzita MeSH
• demografie MeSH
• nemoci ptáků parazitologie   MeSH
• Phthiraptera klasifikace   MeSH
• ptáci MeSH
• zavšivení epidemiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Brazílie MeSH

A total of 170 wild birds from Senegal, belonging to 48 species and 9 orders, were searched for lice in 2005 and 2007. Chewing lice were found on 58 birds of 18 species and 5 orders (Columbiformes, Cuculiformes, Coraciiformes, Galliformes and Passeriformes). Twenty-two species of chewing lice of 13 genera were determined. Other nine samples of chewing lice that represent a new host-parasite association were determined at generic level only, because only one sex or nymph of these lice were found. Our records represent the first louse records from passerines Camaroptera brachyura (Cisticolidae), Chalcomitra senegalensis (Nectariniidae), Corvinella corvina (Laniidae), Laniarius barbarus (Malaconotidae), Prinia erythroptera (Cisticolidae) and Turdus pelios (Turdidae). Descriptions and illustrations are given for Brueelia chalcomitrae Najer et Sychra sp. nov. ex Chalcomitra senegalensis (Nectariniidae), Brueelia priniae Najer et Sychra sp. nov. ex Prinia subflava (Cisticolidae), and Philopteroides terpsiphoni Najer et Sychra sp. nov. ex Terpsiphone viridis (Monarchidae).

• MeSH
• divoká zvířata MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• nemoci ptáků epidemiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• Phthiraptera anatomie a histologie   klasifikace   MeSH
• ptáci MeSH
• zavšivení epidemiologie   parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Senegal MeSH

Wild passerine birds (Passeriformes) from the northeastern part of the Czech Republic were examined for ectoparasites during the pre-breeding period in 2007. Two species of fleas of the genera Ceratophyllus and Dasypsyllus (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae), and 23 species of chewing lice belonging to the genera Ricinus, Myrsidea, Menacanthus (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae), Brueelia, Penenirmus, and Philopterus (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) were found on 108 birds of 16 species. Distribution of insect ectoparasites found on wild birds during pre-breeding was compared with previous data from the post-breeding period. There was no difference in total prevalence of chewing lice in pre-breeding and post-breeding periods. Higher prevalence of fleas and slightly higher mean intensity of chewing lice were found on birds during the pre-breeding period. There was a significant difference in total prevalence but equal mean intensity of chewing lice on resident and migrating birds.

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• chov MeSH
• divoká zvířata MeSH
• hmyz klasifikace   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• infestace ektoparazity epidemiologie   parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• migrace zvířat MeSH
• nemoci ptáků epidemiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• Passeriformes parazitologie   MeSH
• Phthiraptera klasifikace   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• ptáci MeSH
• Siphonaptera klasifikace   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

One hundred and seventy individuals of five species of manakins (Passeriformes: Pipridae) were examined for chewing lice (Phthiraptera) in Costa Rica. Six species of chewing lice were identified. Chewing lice or their eggs were found on 26% individuals (28 positive/109 examined) of Long-tailed Manakins (Chiroxiphia linearis), the most numerous manakin species examined. There were significant differences in prevalences and intensities of infestation between males and females. No lice were found on females (n = 28) compared to 35% (24 positive/69 examined) prevalence in males. In older males, the higher prevalence and mean intensity of infestation was found. Description and illustrations are given for a new species of the genus Tyranniphilopterus Mey, 2004 from Long-tailed Manakin-Tyranniphilopterus toledo Sychra, sp. n. Both sexes of Tyranniphilopterus bruneri (Carriker, 1903) are redescribed. New host records are Long-tailed Manakin and White-collared Manakin (Manacus candei) for Ricinus invadens; White-ruffed Manakin (Corapipo altera) for Ricinus pessimalis; Long-tailed Manakin for Myrsidea andyolsoni. These are the first louse records from Long-tailed Manakin.

• MeSH
• infestace ektoparazity epidemiologie   parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• mikroskopie MeSH
• Passeriformes parazitologie   MeSH
• Phthiraptera anatomie a histologie   klasifikace   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Kostarika MeSH

Napadení vší dětskou (Pediculus capitis) je parazitární onemocnění, označované jako pedikulóza. Její výskyt se v posledních letech výrazně zvyšuje ve všech rozvinutých zemích světa, včetně České republiky. Za příčinu je považována rezistence k odvšivovacím léčivům. U nás byla již v roce 1992 prokázána rezistence vši dětské k permethrinu a v roce 2004 rezistence k malathionu, což jsou insekticidy celosvětově nejčastěji používané k odvšivování. Rezistence byla příčinou ztráty účinnosti tehdejších odvšivovacích přípravků na našem trhu, které uvedené látky obsahovaly, což mělo za následek výrazné zvýšení výskytu pedikulózy. V současné době jsou u nás v rámci specifického léčebného programu povolena 2 odvšivovací léčiva (vlasová voda a insekticidní šampon), z nichž prvé obsahuje carbaryl a další d-phenothrin.

The lice infection (Pediculus capitis) in children is a parasitic disease described as pediculosis. Its prevalence significantly increases in all developed countries in the world including the Czech Republic. Resistance to treatment is considered to be the primary cause. In the Czech Republic resistance to permethrine was discovered in 1992 and in 2004 resistance to malathion the most widely used agent in the world was found. Resistance was also the cause of loss of anti-infective efficacy to former Czech agents containing these agents (Orthosan BF 45, Diffusil H a Diffusil H 92 M), that lead to an increase of pediculosis prevalence. Currently delousing is permitted with Diffusil H Forte containing carbaryl. Another permitted insecticide shampoo is Parasidose Shampooing, containing d-phenothrin.

• Klíčová slova
• Pedicul Hermal,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• insekticidy chemie   klasifikace   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• karbaryl terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Phthiraptera klasifikace   účinky léků   MeSH
• pyrethriny terapeutické užití   MeSH
• rezistence k insekticidům MeSH
• zavšivení epidemiologie   přenos   terapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH