Swimmer's itch is a zoonotic disease caused by certain digenean trematodes, in Europe most noticeably by bird schistosomes of the genus Trichobilharzia. These parasites require waterfowl and aquatic snails as final and intermediate hosts, respectively, to complete their life cycle. Swimmer's itch occurs when the free-swimming larvae emitted from snails, the cercariae, accidentally infect humans. Here the parasites cannot complete their life cycle but can cause allergic inflammatory responses of the skin. In the context of the joint BMBF project 'Sichere Ruhr' (Safe Ruhr), which evaluates the Ruhr River as a potential bathing water, the occurrence of the causative agents of swimmer's itch in Lake Baldeney was studied. A total of 1741 snails was examined for the presence of trematode infections, including bird schistosomes. Snails infected with Trichobilharzia spp. were found at three sampling locations but showed low overall prevalences (0.6-3.0%). Based on parasite and host biology, risk factors were evaluated and discussed in the context of the potential use of Lake Baldeney as a bathing water. Although bird schistosomes only constitute a fraction of the trematode diversity occurring in natural snail populations and show low prevalence, they still pose an infection risk due to the high emission rates of cercariae from individual snail hosts. A wide variety of often interacting biotic and abiotic factors, as well as personal behaviour have an effect on the likelihood and severity of a human infection. Based on these risk factors, a number of possible preventive actions aiming at the disruption of the life cycle, or personal protective measures can be suggested. While absolute protection is impossible (unless swimming in natural waters is altogether avoided) some preventive measures can reduce the risk of human infections.
- MeSH
- hlemýždi parazitologie MeSH
- infekce červy třídy Trematoda epidemiologie MeSH
- jezera MeSH
- látky znečišťující vodu izolace a purifikace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- parazitární onemocnění kůže epidemiologie MeSH
- plavání MeSH
- ptáci parazitologie MeSH
- řeky MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- Trematoda izolace a purifikace MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Německo epidemiologie MeSH
In the present work, nanofibre membranes composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and a natural gum karaya (GK) hydrocolloid were prepared using electrospinning. The electrospun membranes of PVA/GK were cross-linked with heat treatment and later methane plasma was used to obtain a hydrophobic membrane. The morphology, characterization and adsorption ability of P-NFM was assessed using scanning electron microscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, ATR-FTIR techniques, water contact angle and ICP-MS analytical methods. The membrane was employed for the extraction of nanoparticles (Ag, Au, Pt, CuO and Fe3O4) from water. The nanoparticle extraction kinetic and adsorption isotherm perform the pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir isotherm model, respectively. The adsorption capacities of the membrane for the removal of NPs from water diverge in the order Pt>Au>Ag>CuO>Fe3O4. The high adsorption efficiency for the removal of NPs from water was compared with an untreated membrane. Physisorption, functional group interactions, complexation reactions between metal/metal oxide nanoparticles with various functional groups present in NFM and modified surface properties such as the balance of hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, surface free energy, and the high surface area of the plasma treated membrane were possible mechanisms of NPs adsorption onto NFM. The regeneration and reusability were tested in five consecutive adsorption/desorption cycles.
- MeSH
- adsorpce MeSH
- guma karaya chemie MeSH
- kinetika MeSH
- kovové nanočástice * MeSH
- látky znečišťující vodu izolace a purifikace MeSH
- membrány umělé MeSH
- mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
- nanovlákna chemie ultrastruktura MeSH
- polyvinylalkohol chemie MeSH
- spektroskopie infračervená s Fourierovou transformací MeSH
- termodynamika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- hodnotící studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Magnetic techniques based on the application of magnetic nanoparticles and microparticles and films have been successfully used for the determination and detection of different types of xenobiotics (e.g. herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, aromatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, pentachlorophenol and heavy metal ions) as well as viruses, microbial pathogens and protozoan parasites in water samples. Preconcentration of xenobiotics from large volumes of samples can be performed using magnetic solid-phase extraction, stir-bar sorptive extraction and related procedures. This review provides basic information about these techniques. Published examples of successful applications document the importance of these simple and efficient procedures employing magnetic materials.
- MeSH
- Evropská unie MeSH
- farmakopea jako téma MeSH
- filtrace metody normy přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- fraktály MeSH
- látky znečišťující vodu analýza chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch analýza chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- parenterální infuze normy škodlivé účinky MeSH
- pevné částice farmakologie MeSH
- plošný screening metody využití MeSH
- prostředí kontrolované MeSH
- referenční standardy MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- teoretické modely MeSH
- velikost částic MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Spojené státy americké MeSH
The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in hot water systems of 4 selected hospital settings. The hospitals provided the following types of disinfection for their hot water systems: hydrogen peroxide and silver, thermal disinfection, chlorine dioxide, and no treatment (control). In each building, 6 samples were collected from 5 sites during a 3 month period. NTM were detected in 56 (46.7%) of 120 samples; the CFU counts ranged from 10 to 1625 CFU/L. The detected NTM species were the pathogens Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium xenopi, and Mycobacterium fortuitum and the saprophyte Mycobacterium gordonae. The most common to be isolated was M. xenopi, which was present in 51 samples. The hot water systems differed significantly in the incidence of NTM. NTM were not detected in the system treated by thermal disinfection, and a relatively low incidence (20% positive samples) was found in the system disinfected with chlorine dioxide. However, a high incidence was found in the control system with no additional disinfection (70% positives) and in the system using hydrogen peroxide and silver (97% positives). Water temperatures above 50 degrees C significantly limited the occurrence of NTM.
- MeSH
- hodnotící studie jako téma MeSH
- kvalita vody normy MeSH
- látky znečišťující vodu analýza izolace a purifikace klasifikace škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ochrana veřejného zdraví MeSH
- pitná voda analýza mikrobiologie normy MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- zásobování vodou * analýza statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovenská republika MeSH
- MeSH
- hodnocení programu MeSH
- kvalita vody * normy MeSH
- látky znečišťující vodu analýza izolace a purifikace klasifikace normy škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pitná voda * analýza mikrobiologie parazitologie škodlivé účinky MeSH
- zásobování vodou normy zákonodárství a právo MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovenská republika MeSH
