Despite their low concentrations in many aquatic environments, evidence exists to suggest that herbicides do affect non-target organisms. Given that burrowing is a primary life-history trait in crayfish, herbicides could potentially have serious negative effects on these ecologically important freshwater macroinvertebrates. In this study, we exposed the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii to terbuthylazine (a triazine) and metazachlor (a chloroacetanilide) at an environmental concentration of 2.0 μg/L for 28 days, and then observed their burrowing behaviour for two days. The metazachlor-exposed males excavated a greater number of burrows than the other tested groups, with comparable depths and volumes relative to individual specimen weight. The relative depth and volume of female burrows were identical in all groups. The natural habit of female crayfish of constructing deeper burrows than males was marginally significant in the control and META groups but was not significant for relative volume. The hypothesized adverse effects of chronic exposure to real environmental concentrations of herbicides were not documented in terms of either relative depth or volume. However, the increased number of burrows in metazachlor-exposed animals may mean that this invasive species will cause greater damage to embankments and river banks. The mechanisms behind these effects require closer study.

• MeSH
• acetamidy MeSH
• herbicidy * toxicita   MeSH
• severní raci * MeSH
• triaziny toxicita   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

This study assessed the chronic effects of terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy (T2H), one of the main terbuthylazine degradation products, on early life stages of marbled crayfish (Procambarus fallax f. virginalis) by means of mortality, growth rate, early ontogeny, oxidative stress, antioxidant defence and histopathology. The crayfish were exposed to four concentrations of the tested substance as follows: 0.75μg/l (environmental concentration), 75, 375 and 750μg/l for 62days. Concentrations over 75μg/l caused lower weight compared to the control group. T2H at 750μg/l caused delay in ontogenetic development. Levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and total superoxide dismutase activity were significantly (p<0.01) lower in groups exposed to 375 and 750μg/l T2H. Crayfish in these treatments also showed alteration of tubular system including disintegration of tubular epithelium with complete loss of structure in some places of hepatopancreas and wall thinning up to disintegration of branchial filaments with focal infiltrations of hemocytes. In conclusion, chronic terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy exposure in concentrations up 75μg/l (100 times higher than environmental concentration) affected growth, ontogenetic development, antioxidant system, caused oxidative stress and pathological changes in hepatopancreas of early life stages of marbled crayfish.

• MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita   MeSH
• glutathionreduktasa metabolismus   MeSH
• hepatopankreas účinky léků   patologie   MeSH
• herbicidy toxicita   MeSH
• katalasa metabolismus   MeSH
• látky reagující s kyselinou thiobarbiturovou metabolismus   MeSH
• oxidační stres účinky léků   MeSH
• proteiny členovců metabolismus   MeSH
• severní raci anatomie a histologie   účinky léků   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• superoxiddismutasa metabolismus   MeSH
• triaziny toxicita   MeSH
• žábry účinky léků   patologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The sensitivity of early life stages of marbled crayfish (Procambarus fallax f. virginalis) to chronic exposure of one out of three triazine metabolites (terbuthylazine 2-hydroxy - T2H, terbuthylazine-desethyl - TD, and atrazine 2-hydroxy - A2H) and their mixture at maximal environmentally real concentrations was evaluated under laboratory conditions. The effects were assessed on the basis of mortality, growth, development, oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidant enzymes activity and histopathology. Single metabolites (T2H - 0.73 μg/L; TD - 1.80 μg/L; A2H - 0.66 μg/L) and their mixture were not associated with negative effects on mortality, behaviour and early ontogeny, however, two metabolites (TD and A2H) and mixtures caused significantly lower growth and significantly higher catalase activity of early life stages of marbled crayfish. No histopathological changes of gills were observed after exposure to all tested triazine treatments, however, apparent histological differences in structural cells organization such as superiority in numbers of lipid resorptive cells were recorded in after exposition to TD and mixture. In conclusion, this study shows potential risk of using triazine herbicides in agriculture due to effects of their degradation products on non-target organisms.

• MeSH
• antioxidancia metabolismus   MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu metabolismus   toxicita   MeSH
• herbicidy metabolismus   toxicita   MeSH
• látky reagující s kyselinou thiobarbiturovou metabolismus   MeSH
• oxidační stres účinky léků   MeSH
• severní raci účinky léků   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• testy toxicity MeSH
• triaziny metabolismus   toxicita   MeSH
• žábry účinky léků   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The sensitivity of early life stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to chronic exposure to single and combined environmental concentrations of the triazine metabolites terbuthylazine 2-hydroxy, terbuthylazine-desethyl and atrazine 2-hydroxy was evaluated under laboratory conditions. Their effects were assessed on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes (total superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, reduced glutathione), mortality, growth, development and histology. Single metabolites (terbuthylazine 2-hydroxy-0.73 μg/L; terbuthylazine-desethyl-1.80 μg/L; atrazine 2-hydroxy-0.66 μg/L) and combinations were not associated with negative effects on hatching, behaviour, embryo viability, growth or early ontogeny. Carp exposed to terbuthylazine-desethyl at 1.80 μg/L showed significantly lower total superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase activity compared with the control group. Liver histology revealed diffused steatosis associated with the presence of lipid inclusions in hepatic cells in groups exposed to terbuthylazine-desethyl, atrazine 2-hydroxy and the tested combination of metabolites.

• MeSH
• antioxidancia metabolismus   MeSH
• atrazin metabolismus   toxicita   MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu metabolismus   toxicita   MeSH
• embryo nesavčí účinky léků   enzymologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• glutathion metabolismus   MeSH
• glutathionreduktasa metabolismus   MeSH
• glutathiontransferasa metabolismus   MeSH
• herbicidy metabolismus   toxicita   MeSH
• játra účinky léků   embryologie   patologie   MeSH
• kapři embryologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• katalasa metabolismus   MeSH
• látky reagující s kyselinou thiobarbiturovou metabolismus   MeSH
• oxidační stres účinky léků   MeSH
• peroxidace lipidů účinky léků   MeSH
• superoxiddismutasa metabolismus   MeSH
• triaziny metabolismus   toxicita   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The objective of this study was to investigate whether melamine (MEL) is biotransformed into cyanuric acid (CYA) in male broiler chickens. The effects of the dietary addition of MEL and CYA alone and in combination on the growth performance and mortality of the chickens were also investigated. The chickens were divided into six experimental groups and were fed diets with an addition of 50 or 100 mg/kg MEL or 50 or 100 mg/kg CYA of diet, with the contaminants added separately or in combination. The control group was fed a diet without MEL or CYA. At the end of the experiment (day 40), samples of liver, kidney and breast and thigh muscles were collected from 12 birds per treatment group and were analysed for the presence of MEL and CYA. This study showed that MEL is biotransformed into CYA in broilers. Higher concentrations of MEL or CYA in the diet increased the presence of their residues in tissues, and the CYA residue concentration was several times higher in the respective tissues than the MEL residue concentration. The dietary addition of MEL and CYA did not affect the mortality rate, feed conversion ratio or body weight of the chickens.

• MeSH
• biotransformace MeSH
• játra účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• kontaminace potravin analýza   MeSH
• kosterní svaly účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• krmivo pro zvířata analýza   MeSH
• kur domácí růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• ledviny účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost účinky léků   MeSH
• tkáňová distribuce MeSH
• triaziny aplikace a dávkování   metabolismus   farmakokinetika   toxicita   MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the toxicity of terbuthylazine in different developmental stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on the basis of mortality, early ontogeny, occurrence of morphological anomalies, growth rate, and Fulton's condition factor during and at the conclusion of the test. DESIGN: The toxicity tests were performed on carp according to OECD 210 methodology. The developmental stages of carp were exposed to terbuthylazine at four concentrations, 2.9 (reported environmental concentration in Czech rivers); 70; 1,400; and 3,500 µg.L(-1) for 35 days and compared to carps in a non-treated control group. RESULTS: Terbuthylazine in concentration 1,400 and 3,000 µg.L(-1) caused significant (p<0.01) decrease of mass, total length and delayed in development of carp. Fish exposed to terbuthylazine showed alteration of tubular system of caudal kidney. On the basis of histopathological changes the values of LOEC=2.9 µg.L(-1) terbuthylazine were estimated. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic terbuthylazine exposure of early-life stages of common carp affected their growth rate, early ontogeny and histology. Some of the changes were observed only at higher exposures, but change founded in caudal kidney was affected in fish exposed to the real environmental concentration tested (i.e., 2.9 µg.L(-1)).

• MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita   MeSH
• embryo nesavčí účinky léků   MeSH
• kapři embryologie   MeSH
• ledviny účinky léků   embryologie   MeSH
• pesticidy toxicita   MeSH
• testy chronické toxicity MeSH
• triaziny toxicita   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• zygota účinky léků   MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The aim of the study was to investigate effects of the triazine's herbicide terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy on early life stage of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) through antioxidant indices, mortality, growth, development, and histopathology. Based on accumulated mortality in the experimental groups, lethal concentrations of terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy were estimated at 35-day LC50 = 10.9 mg/L terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy. By day 15, fish were exposed to 3.5 mg/L and by day 26, fish were exposed to 0.0029 mg/L; real environmental concentration in Czech rivers, 0.07 mg/L, 1.4 mg/L, and 3.5 mg/L terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy, showed significantly lower mass and total length compared with controls. Based on inhibition of growth in the experimental groups, lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) = 0.002 mg/L terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy and no observed effect concentration (NOEC) = 0.0001 mg/L terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy. No significant negative effects on hatching or embryo viability were demonstrated at the concentrations tested, but significant differences in early ontogeny among groups were noted. Fish from the two highest tested concentrations showed a dose-related delay in development compared with the controls. Total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significant lower in all groups testedly for terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy compared with the control group. At concentrations of 1.4 and 3.5 mg/L damage to caudal kidney tubules when compared to control fish was found.

• MeSH
• analýza přežití MeSH
• antioxidancia metabolismus   MeSH
• embryo nesavčí účinky léků   MeSH
• kapři anatomie a histologie   embryologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• larva účinky léků   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• orgánová specificita účinky léků   MeSH
• stadia vývoje účinky léků   MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost účinky léků   MeSH
• tělesná výška účinky léků   MeSH
• testy toxicity MeSH
• triaziny toxicita   MeSH
• životní prostředí * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

1. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of melamine-contaminated feed (100 mg/kg) on the distribution of melamine and cyanuric acid in the tissues of laying hens. The effect of a 5-week melamine administration in feed on the egg quality and blood variables of layers was also investigated. 2. A total of twenty 36-week-old ISA Brown layers were used in the experiment. The layers were equally divided into an experimental melamine group (n = 10) and a control group without melamine (n = 10). At the end of the experiment, samples of liver, kidney, breast and thigh muscles were collected from all hens and analysed for the presence of melamine and cyanuric acid by gas chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. 3. Layers receiving the melamine-contaminated diet laid eggs with decreased eggshell strength. The decrease in shell strength was found in weeks 3 and 4 compared to the initial state (week 0) and week 1. 4. Hens receiving the melamine-contaminated diet also exhibited a higher total red blood cell count and lower mean corpuscular haemoglobin compared to the control group. However, melamine at 100 mg/kg feed had no effects on the blood variables of layers. 5. Melamine was detected in all analysed tissues of layers fed on the melamine-contaminated diet, with its mean concentrations decreasing in the following order: kidney (7.43 mg/kg) > breast muscle (3.88 mg/kg) > liver (3.11 mg/kg) > thigh muscle (1.91 mg/kg). The kidney and liver of layers fed on the melamine-contaminated diet also exhibited the presence of cyanuric acid. 6. On the basis of our results, it can be concluded that the biotransformation of melamine into cyanuric acid proceeded mainly in the liver, and cyanuric acid was eliminated in urine.

• MeSH
• biotransformace MeSH
• játra metabolismus   MeSH
• krmivo pro zvířata * MeSH
• kur domácí růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• plynová chromatografie s hmotnostně spektrometrickou detekcí MeSH
• počet erytrocytů MeSH
• testy toxicity MeSH
• triaziny metabolismus   toxicita   MeSH
• vaječná skořápka účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• vejce MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: This study investigates the mechanisms of resistance to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides in populations of Apera spica-venti (L.) P.B. from the Czech Republic. RESULTS: The proportion of resistance due to mutant acetolactate synthase (ALS) alleles was estimated by genotyping individuals from each of three populations for the eight ALS mutations known to confer resistance. Four resistance-conferring ALS mutations were identified: Pro-197-Ala, Pro-197-Thr, Trp-574-Leu and previously unreported Trp-574-Met substitution. Two populations (R1, R3) have amino acid substitution at positions Pro-197 and Trp-574. Individuals from the R3 population had two different resistance alleles. In the R2 population, only the resistant Trp-574-Met substitution was detected. Ten other single point mutations were identified, but these were not related to resistance. The cytochrome malathion decreased chlorsulfuron resistance in the resistant populations that were examined. Although malathion increased mortality, the GR50 values were too high to conclude that non-target-based mechanism was the main one for the resistance in Apera spica-venti populations tested in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals of Apera spica-venti populations tested in this study possess the target-site ALS resistance mutation and an additional so far unknown resistance mechanism(s).

• MeSH
• acetolaktátsynthasa biosyntéza   MeSH
• DNA rostlinná MeSH
• fyziologická adaptace genetika   MeSH
• inhibitory enzymů toxicita   MeSH
• lipnicovité genetika   MeSH
• malathion toxicita   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• rezistence k herbicidům genetika   MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sulfonamidy toxicita   MeSH
• triaziny toxicita   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Crustacea are at high risk of toxic effects of agricultural pesticides. Currently, many questions regarding the toxicity of triazine herbicides to crayfish remain unresolved. The aim of this research was to evaluate the acute toxicity of atrazine, hexazinone, metribuzine, prometryne, simazine, and terbutryne to juvenile signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus). DESIGN: Acute toxicity tests were performed in accordance with standardized guidelines for testing of chemicals, OECD no. 203, using a semistatic test system. Signal crayfish juveniles (n=672) of 49.0-81.5 mg weight and 12.8-16.0 mm total length were used for the bioassay. Mortalities were recorded daily to 96 h. Each pesticide was tested at concentrations of 1, 10, 40, 70, and 100 mg.l-1. Percent mortalities were analyzed by linear regression, and median lethal concentration (LC50) values were computed using probit analysis EKO-TOX 5.2 software. RESULTS: 96hLC50 values for juvenile signal crayfish were 12.1 mg.l-1 for atrazine, 13.9 mg.l-1 for terbutryne, 14.4 mg.l-1 for prometryne, 19.5 mg.l-1 for hexazinone, 30.6 mg.l-1 for metribuzine, and 77.9 mg.l-1 for simazine. Atrazine showed the greatest toxicity to signal crayfish. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated that triazines are toxic to signal crayfish. Signal crayfish is more sensitive than the fish for atrazine, hexazine, metribuzine, and for these triazines signal crayfish can be used as a bio-indicator of environmental contamination.

• MeSH
• chování zvířat účinky léků   MeSH
• pesticidy toxicita   MeSH
• pohybová aktivita účinky léků   MeSH
• severní raci účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• testy akutní toxicity MeSH
• triaziny toxicita   MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH