A series of modelling exercises, based on field tests conducted in the Czech Republic, were carried out by the 'Urban' Working Groups as part of the International Atomic Energy Agency's Environmental Modelling for Radiation Safety II, Modelling and Data for Radiological Impact Assessment (MODARIA) I and MODARIA II international data compilation and model validation programmes. In the first two of these programmes, data from a series of field tests involving dispersion of a radiotracer,99mTc, from small-scale, controlled detonations were used in a comparison of model predictions with field measurements of deposition. In the third programme, data from a similar field test, involving dispersion of140La instead of99mTc, were used. Use of longer-lived140La as a radiotracer allowed a greater number of measurements to be made over a greater distance from the dispersion point and in more directions than was possible for the earlier tests involving shorter-lived99mTc. The modelling exercises included both intercomparison of model predictions from several participants and comparison of model predictions with the measured data. Several models (HotSpot, LASAIR, ADDAM/CSA-ERM, plus some research models) were used in the comparisons, which demonstrated the challenges of modelling dispersion of radionuclides from detonations and the need for appropriate meteorological measurements.
- MeSH
- jaderná energie * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monitorování radiace * MeSH
- radionuklidy analýza MeSH
- teoretické modely MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The IAEA's model testing programmes have included a series of Working Groups concerned with modelling radioactive contamination in urban environments. These have included the Urban Working Group of Validation of Environmental Model Predictions (1988-1994), the Urban Remediation Working Group of Environmental Modelling for Radiation Safety (EMRAS) (2003-2007), the Urban Areas Working Group of EMRAS II (2009-2011), the Urban Environments Working Group of (Modelling and Data for Radiological Impact Assessments) MODARIA I (2013-2015), and most recently, the Urban Exposures Working Group of MODARIA II (2016-2019). The overarching objective of these Working Groups has been to test and improve the capabilities of computer models used to assess radioactive contamination in urban environments, including dispersion and deposition processes, short-term and long-term redistribution of contaminants following deposition events, and the effectiveness of various countermeasures and other protective actions, including remedial actions, in reducing contamination levels, human exposures, and doses to humans. This paper describes the exercises conducted during the MODARIA I and MODARIA II programmes. These exercises have included short-range and mid-range atmospheric dispersion exercises based on data from field tests or tracer studies, hypothetical urban dispersion exercises, and an exercise based on data collected after the Fukushima Daiichi accident. Improvement of model capabilities will lead to improvements in assessing various contamination scenarios (real or hypothetical), and in turn, to improved decision-making and communication with the public following a nuclear or radiological emergency.
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monitorování radiace * MeSH
- počítačová simulace MeSH
- radioaktivita * MeSH
- řízení bezpečnosti MeSH
- teoretické modely MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has been available since the late 1990s for use in dentistry. European legislation requires optimisation of protection and the use of diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) as well as regular quality control (QC) of the imaging devices, which is well outlined in existing international recommendations. Nevertheless, the level of application is not known. Earlier studies have indicated that few European countries have established DRLs and that patient doses (exposure parameters) have not been properly optimised. The EURADOS Working Group 12-Dosimetry in Medical Imaging undertook a survey to identify existing practices in Member States. Questionnaires were developed to identify equipment types, clinical procedures performed, and exposure settings used. The surveys were circulated to 22 countries resulting in 28 responses from 13 countries. Variations were identified in the exposure factors and in the doses delivered to patients for similar clinical indicators. Results confirm that patient doses are still not properly optimised and DRLs are largely not established. There is a need to promote the importance of performing QC testing of dental CBCT equipment and to further optimise patient exposure by establishment and use of DRLs as a part of a continuous optimisation process.
- MeSH
- dávka záření MeSH
- diagnostické referenční úrovně * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- počítačová tomografie s kuželovým svazkem * MeSH
- radiometrie MeSH
- řízení kvality MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
During the past 7th Security Framework Program the European Commission funded a research project called CATO (CBRN Crisis management, Architectures, Technologies and Operational procedures) to develop a prototype decision support system for crisis management in addition to providing a suite of guidelines for first responders and incident commanders when dealing with chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear incidents. In order to derive these guidelines a proof-of-concept experiment was setup during which several passive agent (Stable CsCl) dispersions with improvised explosive devices and vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices were carried out. Each dispersion was thoroughly characterised by a number of monitoring devices, including high-volume air samplers and size-segregated air samplers. All environmental and forensic samples were collected by the UK counter terrorism police, following strict labelling and chain-of-custody protocols. The samples were analysed at the Belgian Nuclear Research Center suing the k0 method for instrumental neutron activation technique. A full consequence assessment analysis was carried out assuming that the observed concentration of Cs-133 in samples was Cs-137 instead and use was made of the specific activity of Cs-137. Due to the sensitivity of the information the European Commission classified this research. The resulted reported on in this work have been unclassified and are released to assist emergency planners and first responders to take the necessary precautions. The results indicate that, up to distances of 50 m from ground zero radiation levels will be considerable and therefore live-saving actions must be performed by fire/rescue wearing full protective gear. In addition, low-wind conditions will favor a long airborne residence time and therefore the use of full-face protective gear is a must. In order to protect first responders, a radiation protection specialist is to determine how long people can enter and remain in the contaminated area. The recovery of evidence in the case of a car-bomb will be hard or even impossible due to the high level of radioactive material remaining inside the vehicle.
The present study is based on 9978 Czech uranium miners with 1141 lung cancer deaths observed in an updated follow-up 1952-2010 and corresponding to 31 years of mean follow-up. The objectives of the study are to obtain more reliable estimates for the exposure-response relationship, including factors that modify this relationship. Lung cancer in relation to cumulative exposure to radon decay products is linear with substantial modifications by time since exposure, age at exposure and exposure rate using exposure windows. The crude excess relative risk (ERR) per unit exposure in working level months (WLM) in the cohort is 0.0097 (90% confidence interval (CI) 0.0074-0.0127). The ERR/WLM corresponding to exposure rates below 7 working levels (WL) is substantially higher - 0.0145 (90% CI 0.0109-0.0193). In the final model, the inverse effect of exposure rate is observed for high exposure rates >7 WL with the ERR/WLM reduced to 31%. The ERR/WLM decreases to 32% and 9% in periods 20-29 and 30 +years since exposure in comparison to the period of 5-19 years since exposure. Simultaneously, the ERR/WLM decreases with age at exposure - 63% and 49% at ages 30-39 and 40 +years in comparison to age at exposure <30 years.
- MeSH
- dávka záření MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hornictví * MeSH
- interval spolehlivosti MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory plic mortalita MeSH
- nádory vyvolané zářením mortalita MeSH
- následné studie MeSH
- nemoci z povolání mortalita MeSH
- Poissonovo rozdělení MeSH
- pracovní expozice škodlivé účinky MeSH
- radon chemie MeSH
- riziko MeSH
- rozdělení chí kvadrát MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- uran chemie MeSH
- vztah dávky záření a odpovědi MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mezinárodní agentury MeSH
- nakládání s odpady normy MeSH
- radioaktivní odpad * MeSH
- rozhodování * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kongresy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Evropa MeSH
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hornictví MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch v pracovním prostředí škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory plic etiologie MeSH
- nádory vyvolané zářením etiologie MeSH
- pracovní expozice MeSH
- radioaktivní látky znečišťující vzduch škodlivé účinky MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
