Neutrophils are innate immune cells with important roles in antimicrobial defense. However, impaired or dysregulated neutrophil function can result in host tissue damage, loss of homeostasis, hyperinflammation or pathological immunosuppression. A central link between neutrophil activation and immune outcomes is emerging to be the calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signaling pathway, which is activated by neutrophil detection of a microbial threat via pattern recognition receptors and results in inflammatory cytokine production. This potent pro-inflammatory pathway is also the target of several immunosuppressive drugs used for the treatment of autoimmune disorders, during solid organ and hematopoietic cell transplantations, and as a part of anti-cancer therapy: but what effects these drugs have on neutrophil function, and their broader consequences for immune homeostasis and microbial defense are not yet known. Here, we bring together the emerging literature describing pathology- and drug- induced neutrophil impairment, with particular focus on their effects on calcineurin-NFAT signaling in the innate immune compartment.

• MeSH
• cytokiny imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• homeostáza imunologie   MeSH
• imunologická tolerance imunologie   MeSH
• kalcineurin imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mediátory zánětu imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• neutrofily imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• přirozená imunita imunologie   MeSH
• receptory rozpoznávající vzory imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce imunologie   MeSH
• transkripční faktory NFATC imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The existence of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on immune cells was discussed in 1989 by Charles Janeway, Jr., who proposed a general concept of the ability of PRRs to recognize and bind conserved molecular structures of microorganisms known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Upon PAMP engagement, PRRs trigger intracellular signaling cascades resulting in the expression of various proinflammatory molecules. These recognition molecules represent an important and efficient innate immunity tool of all organisms. As invertebrates lack the instruments of the adaptive immune system, based on "true" lymphocytes and functional antibodies, the importance of PRRs are even more fundamental. In the present review, the structure, specificity, and expression profiles of PRRs characterized in annelids are discussed, and their role in innate defense is suggested.

• MeSH
• kroužkovci imunologie   MeSH
• membránové glykoproteiny chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• PAMP struktury imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• přirozená imunita * MeSH
• proteiny akutní fáze chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• receptory rozpoznávající vzory chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese MeSH
• signální transdukce imunologie   MeSH
• tkáňová distribuce MeSH
• toll-like receptory chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• transportní proteiny chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and play an important role in triggering innate immune responses. PRRs distribution and function is well documented in mice and humans, but studies in pigs are scarce. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is common pathogen found in pigs and was used as a model for interaction with PRRs. This study investigated expression of PRRs in porcine leukocyte subpopulations at the mRNA level. Eight subpopulations of leukocytes comprising NK cells, Th, Tc, double positive T cells and γδ T cells, B cells, monocytes and neutrophils were sorted, and the expression of 12 PRRs was measured, including selected Toll-like receptors and their co-receptors, NOD-like receptor NOD2, RP-105, CD14, and dectin. The highest expression rates of most PRRs were observed in monocytes and neutrophils. The B cells expressed high levels of TLR1, TLR6, TLR9, TLR10, and RP-105. Only monocytes and γδ T cells were found to respond to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection by intensification of PRRs expression. In Th and B cells, PRRs mRNA down-regulation was detected after infection.

• MeSH
• down regulace MeSH
• leukocyty metabolismus   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• messenger RNA genetika   MeSH
• neutrofily metabolismus   MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• přirozená imunita MeSH
• receptory rozpoznávající vzory genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese imunologie   MeSH
• Salmonella typhimurium fyziologie   MeSH
• salmonelová infekce u zvířat imunologie   MeSH
• séroskupina MeSH
• T-lymfocyty metabolismus   MeSH
• toll-like receptory genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The tube-within-tube body plan of earthworms is appropriate for studying the interactions of microorganisms with the immune system of body cavities such as the digestive tract and coelom. This study aims to describe the immune response on the molecular and cellular level in the coelomic cavity and the gut of the earthworm Eisenia andrei after experimental microbial challenge by administering two bacterial strains (Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis) or yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the environment. The changes in mRNA levels of defense molecules (pattern recognition receptor CCF, lysozyme, fetidin/lysenins) in the coelomocytes and gut tissue were determined by quantitative PCR. The immune response at a cellular level was captured in histological sections, and the expression of CCF was localized using in situ hybridization. Coelomocytes respond to the presence of bacteria in the coelomic cavity by increasing the mRNA levels of defense molecules, especially CCF. The immune response in gut tissue is less affected by microbial stimulation because the epithelial cells of gut exhibit basically strong mRNA synthesis of ccf as a defense against the continuous microbial load in the gut lumen. The cellular immune response is mediated by coelomocytes released from the mesenchymal lining of the coelomic cavity. These combined immune mechanisms are necessary for the survival of earthworms in the microbially rich environment of soil.

• MeSH
• Bacillus subtilis imunologie   MeSH
• buněčná imunita MeSH
• Escherichia coli imunologie   MeSH
• gramnegativní bakteriální infekce imunologie   MeSH
• grampozitivní bakteriální infekce imunologie   MeSH
• lektiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• mezoderm imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• mykózy imunologie   MeSH
• Oligochaeta imunologie   MeSH
• receptory rozpoznávající vzory genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Saccharomyces imunologie   MeSH
• slizniční imunita MeSH
• střevní sliznice imunologie   mikrobiologie   virologie   MeSH
• upregulace MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH