OBJECTIVE: The absence of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and intra-amniotic inflammation at the time of hospital admission is the most common condition associated with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM). Although the intensity of intra-amniotic inflammatory response does not exceed the threshold for the diagnosis of intra-amniotic inflammation in this subgroup of PPROM, whether there could be differences in outcomes concerning the intensity of intra-amniotic inflammatory response remains unclear. Therefore, the main aims of this study on PPROM without microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and intra-amniotic inflammation were (i) to characterize the association between the intensity of intra-amniotic inflammatory response, measured according to amniotic fluid interleukin (IL)-6 concentrations, and the presence of acute histological chorioamnionitis and acute inflammation in the amnion; (ii) to characterize the association between the intensity of intra-amniotic inflammatory response and fetal inflammatory response, and (iii) to describe the short-term morbidity of infants based on the intensity of intra-amniotic inflammatory response. METHODS: This retrospective study included 131 women with singleton pregnancies with PPROM without microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and intra-amniotic inflammation between gestational ages of 24 + 0 and 36 + 6 weeks and who had delivered within 72 h of membrane rupture. Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity was assessed based on a combination of cultivation and non-cultivation methods. Intra-amniotic inflammation was characterized based on the amniotic fluid IL-6 concentration. In addition, a histopathological assessment of the placenta was performed. Fetal inflammatory response syndrome was characterized according to IL-6 concentration in the umbilical cord blood of >11 pg/mL. Based on the quartiles of IL-6 concentrations in the amniotic fluid, these women were divided into four subgroups (from the lowest to the highest IL-6 concentrations). RESULTS: IL-6 concentrations in amniotic fluid were higher in women with acute histological chorioamnionitis (median: 819 pg/mL vs. 520 pg/mL; p = .003) and with acute inflammation of the amnion (median: 1116 pg/mL vs. 533 pg/mL; p = .0002) than in women without these complications. The rates of acute histological chorioamnionitis and acute inflammation of the amnion were the highest in the subgroup with IL-6 concentrations above the 75th percentile in amniotic fluid (chorioamnionitis, p = .02; amnion, p = .0002). No differences in IL-6 concentrations in amniotic fluid were identified between women with and without a fetal inflammatory response syndrome (p = .40). The rate of fetal inflammatory response syndrome did not vary among the amniotic fluid IL-6 quartile subgroups of women. Moreover, no differences were noted in short-term neonatal outcomes among the amniotic fluid IL-6 quartile subgroups. CONCLUSION: A higher intensity of the intra-amniotic inflammatory response, measured by amniotic fluid IL-6 concentrations, is associated with a higher rate of acute inflammatory lesions in the placenta in the subset of PPROM pregnancies without microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and intra-amniotic inflammation.

• MeSH
• Chorioamnionitis * diagnosis   MeSH
• Gestational Age MeSH
• Interleukin-6 MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Amniotic Fluid MeSH
• Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture * MeSH
• Retrospective Studies MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Inflammation complications   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the maternal white blood cell (WBC) count at the time of hospital admission in pregnancies complicated by preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) and the presence of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) and/or intra-amniotic inflammation (IAI). The second aim was to test WBC diagnostic indices with respect to the presence of MIAC and/or IAI. METHODS: Four hundred and seventy-nine women with singleton pregnancies complicated by PPROM, between February 2012 and June 2017, were included in this study. Maternal blood and amniotic fluid samples were collected at the time of admission. Maternal WBC count was assessed. Amniotic fluid interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration was measured using a point-of-care test, and IAI was characterized by an IL-6 concentration of ≥ 745 pg/mL. MIAC was diagnosed based on a positive polymerase chain reaction result for the Ureaplasma species, Mycoplasma hominis, and/or Chlamydia trachomatis and/or for the 16S rRNA gene. RESULTS: Women with MIAC or IAI had higher WBC counts than those without (with MIAC: median, 12.8 × 109/L vs. without MIAC: median, 11.9 × 109/L; p = 0.0006; with IAI: median, 13.7 × 109/L vs. without IAI: median, 11.9 × 109/L; p < 0.0001). When the women were divided into four subgroups based on the presence of MIAC and/or IAI, the women with both MIAC and IAI had a higher WBC count than those with either IAI or MIAC alone, and those without MIAC and IAI [both MIAC and IAI: median, 14.0 × 109/L; IAI alone: 12.1 × 109/L (p = 0.03); MIAC alone: 12.1 × 109/L (p = 0.0001); and without MIAC and IAI: median, 11.8 × 109/L (p < 0.0001)]. No differences in the WBC counts were found among the women with IAI alone, MIAC alone, and without MIAC and IAI. CONCLUSION: The women with both MIAC and IAI had a higher maternal WBC count at the time of hospital admission than the remaining women with PPROM. The maternal WBC count at the time of admission showed poor diagnostic indices for the identification of the presence of both MIAC and IAI. Maternal WBC count at the time of admission cannot serve as a non-invasive screening tool for identifying these complications in women with PPROM.

• MeSH
• Chorioamnionitis diagnosis   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Amniotic Fluid microbiology   MeSH
• Leukocyte Count * MeSH
• Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture * MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate, in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM), the impact on short-term neonatal outcome of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC), intra-amniotic inflammation (IAI), and the microorganisms isolated in women with MIAC, when gestational age is taken into account. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective cohort study. We included women with PPROM (22.0-34.0 weeks of gestation) with available information about MIAC, IAI and short-term neonatal outcome. MIAC was defined as positive aerobic/anaerobic/genital Mycoplasma culture in amniotic fluid. Definition of IAI was based on interleukin-6 levels in amniotic fluid. Main outcome measures were Apgar score <7 at 5 min, umbilical artery pH ≤7.0, days in the neonatal intensive care unit, and composite neonatal morbidity, including any of the following: intraventricular hemorrhage grade III-IV, respiratory distress syndrome, early-onset neonatal sepsis, periventricular leukomalacia, necrotizing enterocolitis, and fetal or neonatal death. Labor was induced after 32.0 weeks if lung maturity was confirmed; and otherwise after 34.0 weeks. RESULTS: MIAC and IAI were found in 38% (72/190) and 67% (111/165), respectively. After adjustment for gestational age at delivery, no differences in short-term neonatal outcome were found between women with either MIAC or IAI, compared with the non-infection/non-inflammation ("No-MIAC/No-IAI") group. Furthermore, short-term neonatal outcome did not differ between the MIAC caused by Ureaplasma spp. group, the MIAC caused by other microorganisms group and the "No-MIAC/No-IAI" group. CONCLUSIONS: Gestational age at delivery seems to be more important for short-term neonatal outcome than MIAC or IAI in PPROM.

• MeSH
• Bacteria, Aerobic isolation & purification   MeSH
• Bacteria, Anaerobic isolation & purification   MeSH
• Apgar Score MeSH
• Chorioamnionitis diagnosis   etiology   microbiology   MeSH
• Gestational Age * MeSH
• Intensive Care, Neonatal statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Logistic Models MeSH
• Mycoplasma isolation & purification   MeSH
• Infant, Premature, Diseases etiology   therapy   MeSH
• Infant, Premature MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Amniotic Fluid microbiology   MeSH
• Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture microbiology   MeSH
• Prospective Studies MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Ureaplasma isolation & purification   MeSH
• Pregnancy Outcome MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

To determine the main clinical characteristics of preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) complicated by colonization of the amniotic cavity (microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity without intra-amniotic inflammation). A total of 302 women with PPROM were included. Transabdominal amniocentesis was performed and amniotic fluid was assessed. Based of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and intra-amniotic inflammation (interleukin-6 ≥ 3000 pg/mL), the women were divided into following groups: intra-amniotic infection, sterile intra-amniotic inflammation, colonization of the amniotic cavity, and negative amniotic fluid. Colonization was found in 11% (32/302) of the women. The most common bacteria identified in the amniotic fluid were Ureaplasma spp. with a lower burden than those with intra-amniotic infection (p = 0.03). The intensity of intra-amniotic inflammatory response measured by interleukin-6 was higher in women with colonization than in those with negative amniotic fluid (medians: 961 pg/mL vs. 616 pg/mL; p = 0.04). Women with colonization had higher rates of acute inflammatory placental lesions than those with negative amniotic fluid. In PPROM, colonization, caused mainly by microorganisms from the lower genital tract, might represent an early stage of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity with a weak intra-amniotic inflammatory response.

• MeSH
• Chorioamnionitis * microbiology   MeSH
• Interleukin-6 MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Placenta MeSH
• Amniotic Fluid microbiology   MeSH
• Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture MeSH
• Retrospective Studies MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Inflammation complications   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Cíl: Stanovit hladiny solubilní formy CD93 (sCD93) v plodové vodě u pacientek s předčasným odtokem plodové vody (PPROM – preterm prelabor rupture of membranes) s ohledem na přítomnost mikrobiální invaze do amniální dutiny (MIAC – microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity) a/nebo intraamniálního zánětu. Metody: Do studie bylo zahrnuto celkem144 žen s jednočetným těhotenstvím komplikovaným PPROM. Plodová voda byla získána amniocentézou. MIAC byla stanovena kultivačními a nekultivačními technikami. Intraamniální zánět byl stanoven hladinou interleukinu 6 ≥ 3 000 pg/ml v plodové vodě. Ženy byly rozděleny do následujících skupin: i) intraamniální infekce, ii) sterilní intraamniální zánět, iii) kolonizace a iv) negativní plodová voda. Hladiny sCD93 v plodové vodě byly stanoveny pomocí testu ELISA. Výsledky: Hladiny sCD93 v plodové vodě se lišily mezi skupinami žen s PPROM s intraamniální infekcí, sterilním intraamniálním zánětem, kolonizací a negativní plodovou vodou (intraamniální infekce: medián 22,3 ng/ml, sterilní intraamniální zánět: medián 21,0 ng/ml, kolonizace amniové dutiny: 8,7 ng/ml, negativní plodová voda: medián 8,7 ng/ml; p < 0,0001). Závěr: Intraamniální zánět u PPROM, bez ohledu na přítomnost, či chybení MIAC, je spojen se zvýšením hladin sCD93 v plodové vodě.

Objective: To determine the soluble form of CD93 (sCD93) concentration in amniotic fluid from pregnancies complicated by preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) based on the presence of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) and/or intra-amniotic inflammation. Methods: A total of 144 women with a singleton pregnancy complicated by PPROM were included in this study. Amniotic fluid samples were obtained by transabdominal amniocentesis. MIAC was determined by the combination of cultivation and non-cultivation techniques. Intra-amniotic inflammation was characterized as a concentration of interleukin-6 ≥ 3,000 pg/mL in amniotic fluid. Women were categorized in the following groups: i) intra-amniotic infection (both MIAC and intra-amniotic inflammation), ii) sterile intra-amniotic inflammation (intra-amniotic inflammation per se), iii) colonization of the amniotic cavity (MIAC per se), and iv) negative amniotic fluid (without both MIAC and intra-amniotic inflammation). Levels of sCD93 in amniotic fluid were assessed by ELISA. Results: A difference in the levels of sCD93 in amniotic fluid was found among the groups of women with intra-amniotic infection, sterile intra-amniotic inflammation, colonization of the amniotic cavity, and negative amniotic fluid (intra-amniotic infection: median 22.3 ng/mL, sterile intra-amniotic inflammation: median 21.0 ng/mL, colonization of the amniotic cavity: 8.7 ng/mL, negative: median 8.7 ng/mL; P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Intra-amniotic inflammation in PPROM, irrespectively of the presence or absence of MIAC, is associated with the elevation of the level of sCD93 in amniotic fluid.

• MeSH
• Biomarkers MeSH
• Chorioamnionitis etiology   MeSH
• Extraembryonic Membranes chemistry   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Amniotic Fluid MeSH
• Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture * MeSH
• Retrospective Studies MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Inflammation complications   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH

INTRODUCTION: To determine the levels of granzyme A in amniotic fluid in pregnancies complicated by preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM), based on the presence of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) and/or intra-amniotic inflammation (IAI). METHODS OF STUDY: A total of 166 women with singleton pregnancies complicated by PPROM were included. Amniocentesis was performed at the time of admission and assessments of MIAC (using both cultivation and non-cultivation techniques) and IAI (interleukin-6 in amniotic fluid) were performed on all subjects. Based on the presence/absence of MIAC and IAI, the women were further divided into the following subgroups: intra-amniotic infection, sterile IAI, colonization, and absence of both MIAC and IAI. Amniotic fluid granzyme A levels were assessed using ELISA. RESULTS: Women with MIAC had lower levels of granzyme A in the amniotic fluid than women without this condition (with MIAC: median 15.9 pg/mL vs. without MIAC: median 19.9 pg/mL, p = .03). Women with sterile IAI had higher amniotic fluid granzyme A levels than women with intra-amniotic infection, colonization and women with the absence of either MIAC or IAI (intra-amniotic infection: median 15.6 pg/mL; sterile IAI: median 31.8 pg/mL; colonization: median 16.9 pg/mL; absence of both MIAC and IAI: median 18.8 pg/mL; p = .02). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of sterile IAI was associated with elevated levels of granzyme A in amniotic fluid.

• MeSH
• Chorioamnionitis * diagnosis   MeSH
• Gestational Age MeSH
• Granzymes MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Amniotic Fluid MeSH
• Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture * etiology   MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Inflammation complications   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

OBJECTIVE: To determine soluble Toll-like receptor (sTLR) 1, sTLR2 and sTLR6 concentrations in amniotic fluid (AF) of women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) and if there is an association with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and histological chorioamnionitis (HCA). METHODS: Cross-sectional study was performed. Forty-two women with singleton PPROM pregnancies at a gestational age between 24 + 0 and 36 + 6 weeks were included in the study (twenty-two women with presence of both microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and HCA, and 20 women without microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and HCA). Amniocenteses were performed, and the concentrations of sTLRs were determined by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS: Women with microbial invasions of the amniotic cavity and HCA (n = 22) had significantly higher median sTLR1, sTLR2 and sTLR6 levels than those without (n = 20). (20.4 ng/mL vs. 0.44 ng/mL; p < 0.0001, 577.6 ng/mL vs. 60.7 ng/mL; p < 0.0001 and 0.44 ng/mL vs. 0.26 ng/mL; p = 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Women with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and HCA had higher AF sTLR1, 2 and 6 levels.

• MeSH
• Chorioamnionitis diagnosis   microbiology   pathology   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Morbidity MeSH
• Multigene Family MeSH
• Infant, Premature, Diseases diagnosis   epidemiology   MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Amniotic Fluid chemistry   metabolism   microbiology   MeSH
• Obstetric Labor, Premature diagnosis   epidemiology   metabolism   MeSH
• Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture diagnosis   epidemiology   metabolism   MeSH
• Predictive Value of Tests MeSH
• Prenatal Diagnosis methods   MeSH
• Prognosis MeSH
• Cross-Sectional Studies MeSH
• Solubility MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Toll-Like Receptor 1 analysis   genetics   metabolism   physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Evaluation Study MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of Ureaplasma spp. DNA and its load in the cervical fluid in women with preterm labor with intact membranes (PTL) complicated by intra-amniotic infection (the presence of both microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and intra-amniotic inflammation) or sterile intra-amniotic inflammation (the presence of intra-amniotic inflammation alone). METHODS: Overall, 115 women with singleton pregnancies complicated by PTL between gestational ages of 22 + 0 and 34 + 6 weeks were included in this study. Paired amniotic and cervical fluid samples were collected at the time of admission via transabdominal amniocentesis using a Dacron polyester swab. Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity was diagnosed based on a combination of culture and molecular biology methods. Intra-amniotic inflammation was determined based on the concentration of interleukin-6 in the amniotic fluid. Bacterial and Ureaplasma spp. DNA loads were assessed in the cervical fluid using PCR. RESULTS: Intra-amniotic infection and sterile inflammation were identified in 14% (16/115) and 25% (29/115) of the women, respectively. Ureaplasma spp. DNA in the cervical fluid was identified in 51% (59/115) of women. The presence of Ureaplasma spp. DNA in the cervical fluid was higher in women with intra-amniotic infection (75% (12/16)) and sterile intra-amniotic inflammation (76% (22/29)) than in women without intra-amniotic inflammation (36% (25/70); p = .0002). Concurrent presence of Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma hominis DNA was higher in women with intra-amniotic infection (42% (5/12)) than women with sterile intra-amniotic inflammation (7% (2/29)) and women without intra-amniotic inflammation (7% (5/70); p = .001). There were no differences in the load of Ureaplasma spp. DNA in the cervical fluid among women with intra-amniotic infection, sterile intra-amniotic inflammation, and those without intra-amniotic inflammation (median values; infection: 1.2 × 104 copies DNA/mL; sterile: 5.0 × 105 copies DNA/mL; without: 8.4 × 104 copies DNA/mL; p = .18). CONCLUSIONS: In PTL , both forms of intra-amniotic inflammation were associated with a higher prevalence of Ureaplasma spp. DNA in the cervical fluid. The presence of intra-amniotic infection was related to a higher rate of concurrent Ureaplasma spp. and M. hominis DNA in the cervical fluid.

• MeSH
• Chorioamnionitis * microbiology   MeSH
• DNA MeSH
• Infant MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Amniotic Fluid microbiology   MeSH
• Obstetric Labor, Premature * microbiology   MeSH
• Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture * microbiology   MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Ureaplasma MeSH
• Inflammation MeSH
• Check Tag
• Infant MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Our recent exploratory proteomic study suggested increased levels of neutrophil-gelatinase associated lipocalin (P80188, NGAL_HUMAN) due to microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) and histological chorioamnionitis (HCA) in women with preterm prelabor rupture of the membranes. In this study, we verified the proteomics findings by assessing the amniotic fluid NGAL by ELISA in the original exploratory cohort. The NGAL level was significantly higher in women positive for both MIAC and HCA compared to women with both conditions ruled out (median 75.1 ng/ml versus 27.9 ng/ml; p < 0.0001). For independent validation and to assess NGALs potential to stratify women positive for both MIAC and HCA from women in whom at least one of these conditions was absent, we subsequently designed a retrospective replication cohort. Significantly higher NGAL levels were found in women positive for both MIAC and HCA (median 65.9 ng/ml versus 34.2 ng/ml; p = 0.0061). Significantly higher levels of NGAL were confirmed only in strata below 32 weeks of gestation. Based on the observed likelihood ratio, the best predictive cutoff level (47.1 ng/ml) was evaluated in both cohorts. Data from the verification cohort implied that NGAL is a valuable clinical marker for revealing MIAC leading to HCA; however, this potential was not replicated in the replication cohort.

• MeSH
• Biomarkers metabolism   MeSH
• Chorioamnionitis metabolism   microbiology   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Cohort Studies MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Lipocalins metabolism   MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Amniotic Fluid metabolism   microbiology   MeSH
• Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture metabolism   microbiology   MeSH
• Acute-Phase Proteins metabolism   MeSH
• Proto-Oncogene Proteins metabolism   MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

OBJECTIVE: To determine if cervical fluid interleukin (IL)-6 concentrations in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) allows identification of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) and/or intra-amniotic inflammation (IAI). METHODS: One hundred forty-four women with singleton pregnancies complicated by PPROM were included in this prospective cohort study. Cervical and amniotic fluids were collected at the time of admission and concentrations of IL-6 were measured using an ELISA and point-of-care test, respectively. Cervical fluid was obtained using a Dacron polyester swab and amniotic fluid was obtained by transabdominal amniocentesis. MIAC was diagnosed based on a positive PCR result for Ureaplasma species, M. hominis, and/or C. trachomatis and/or by positivity for the 16 S rRNA gene. IAI was defined as amniotic fluid point-of-care IL-6 concentrations ≥745 pg/mL. The women were assigned to four subgroups based on the presence of MIAC and/or IAI: microbial-associated IAI (both MIAC and IAI), sterile IAI (IAI alone), MIAC alone, and without either MIAC or IAI. RESULTS: (1) Women with microbial-associated IAI had higher cervical fluid IL-6 concentrations (median 560 pg/mL) than did women with sterile IAI (median 303 pg/mL; p = .001), women with MIAC alone (median 135 pg/mL; p = .0004), and women without MIAC and IAI (median 180 pg/mL; p = .0001). (2) No differences were found in cervical fluid IL-6 concentrations among women with sterile IAI, with MIAC alone, and without MIAC and IAI. (3) A positive correlation was observed between cervical fluid IL-6 concentrations and the amount of Ureaplasma species in amniotic fluid (copies DNA/mL; rho = 0.57, p < .0001). (4) A weak positive correlation was detected between cervical and amniotic fluid IL-6 concentrations (rho = 0.33, p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of microbial-associated IAI is associated with the highest cervical fluid IL-6 concentrations. Cervical IL-6 can be helpful in the identification of microbial-associated IAI.

• MeSH
• Amniocentesis MeSH
• Amnion microbiology   MeSH
• Biomarkers analysis   MeSH
• Chorioamnionitis diagnosis   microbiology   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay MeSH
• Gestational Age MeSH
• Interleukin-6 analysis   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Amniotic Fluid chemistry   microbiology   MeSH
• Point-of-Care Testing MeSH
• Polymerase Chain Reaction MeSH
• Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture etiology   genetics   metabolism   microbiology   MeSH
• Prospective Studies MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Ureaplasma isolation & purification   MeSH
• Ureaplasma Infections diagnosis   microbiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH