Conducting polymers (CP) can be used as pH- and/or electro-responsive components in various bioapplications, for example, in 4D smart scaffolds. The ability of CP to maintain conductivity under physiological conditions is, therefore, their crucial property. Unfortunately, the conductivity of the CP rapidly decreases in physiological environment, as their conducting salts convert to non-conducting bases. One of the promising solutions how to cope with this shortcoming is the use of alternative "doping" process that is not based on the protonation of CP with acids but on interactions relying in acidic hydrogen bonding. Therefore, the phosphonates (dimethyl phosphonate, diethyl phosphonate, dibutyl phosphonate, or diphenyl phosphonate) were used to re-dope two most common representatives of CP, polyaniline (PANI) and polypyrrole (PPy) bases. As a result, PANI doped with organic phosphonates proved to have significantly better stability of conductivity under different pH. It has also been shown that cytotoxicity of studied materials determined on embryonic stem cells and their embryotoxicity, determined as the impact on cardiomyogenesis and erythropoiesis, depend both on the polymer and phosphonate types used. With the exception of PANI doped with dibutyl phosphonate, all PPy-based phosphonates showed better biocompatibility than the phosphonates based on PANI.

• MeSH
• Aniline Compounds chemistry   pharmacology   MeSH
• Biocompatible Materials chemistry   pharmacology   MeSH
• Cell Differentiation drug effects   MeSH
• Cell Line MeSH
• Electric Conductivity MeSH
• Hydrogen-Ion Concentration MeSH
• Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells MeSH
• Mice MeSH
• Organophosphonates chemistry   MeSH
• Polymers chemistry   pharmacology   MeSH
• Pyrroles chemistry   pharmacology   MeSH
• Cell Survival drug effects   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Mice MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

One of the possible explanations for human within-sex variation in promiscuity stems from conditional strategies dependent on the level of body sex-dimorphism. There is some evidence that masculine men and feminine women are more promiscuous than their sex-atypical counterparts, although mixed results persist. Moreover, another line of evidence shows that more promiscuous women are rather sex-atypical. We tested whether diverse sex-dimorphic body measures (2D:4D, WHR/WSR, handgrip strength, and height and weight) influence sociosexual desires, attitudes, promiscuous behavior, and age of first intercourse in a sex-typical or sex-atypical direction. Participants were 185 young adults, 51 men and 54 women from Brazil, and 40 men and 40 women from the Czech Republic. In men stronger handgrip and more feminine 2D:4D predicted higher sociosexual behaviors, desires, and lower age of the first sexual intercourse. While in women, sociosexual desires were predicted by lower handgrip strength and more feminine 2D:4D. It thus seems that it is rather a mixture of masculine and feminine traits in men, and feminine traits in women that increase their sociosexuality. Masculine traits (height) predicting female promiscuous behavior were specific for only one population. In conclusion, a mosaic combination of sex-typical but also sex-atypical independent body traits can lead to higher promiscuity, particularly in men. Limitations, implications, and future directions for research are considered. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neotropical Behaviour.

• MeSH
• Coitus physiology   psychology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Sex Characteristics * MeSH
• Attitude MeSH
• Sexual Behavior physiology   psychology   MeSH
• Hand Strength physiology   MeSH
• Body Size physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Comparative Study MeSH
• Geographicals
• Brazil MeSH
• Czech Republic MeSH

Arnold-Chiariho malformace je vzácná kongenitální vada zadního mozku, tj. anomálie dolní části mozkového kmene a cerebella, které se posunují přes foramen magnum kaudálně do páteřního kanálu. Časná diagnostika a adekvátní léčba jsou důležité pro další psychomotorický vývoj postiženého jedince. Prezentujeme případ prenatální diagnostiky Arnold-Chiariho malformace použitím 3D/4D uzltrazvukového zobrazení a fetální MRI-simulovaného zobrazení včetně přehledu této vady, jen vyjímečně diagnostikované v prenatálním období.

Arnold-Chiari malformation is a congenital deformity of rear brain, i.e. anomaly of the lower part of cerebral stem and cerebellum involving their caudal displacement through foramen magnum into the spinal canal. Early diagnosis and adequate treatment may be decisive for further psychomotor development of an affected individual. Here we present a case of a state-of-the-art prenatal diagnosis of Arnold-Chiari syndrome using 3D extended imaging, 3D/4D ultrasound and fetal MRI-like imaging, together with a literature review of this anomaly rarely diagnosed in prenatal period.

• Keywords
• Arnold-Chiariho malformace, magnetická rezonance, prenatální ultrazvuková diagnostika,
• MeSH
• Arnold-Chiari Malformation diagnosis   etiology   genetics   MeSH
• Early Diagnosis MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging MeSH
• Prenatal Diagnosis methods   MeSH
• Ultrasonography, Prenatal MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH