Heterocarpy enables species to effectively spread under unfavourable conditions by producing two or more types of fruit differing in ecological characteristics. Although it is frequent in annuals occupying disturbed habitats that are vulnerable to invasion, there is still a lack of congeneric studies addressing the importance of heterocarpy for species invasion success. We compared two pairs of heterocarpic Atriplex species, each of them comprising one invasive and one non-invasive non-native congener. In two common garden experiments, we (i) simulated the influence of different levels of nutrients and population density on plants grown from different types of fruits and examined several traits that are generally positively associated with invasion success, and (ii) grew plants in a replacement series experiment to evaluate resource partitioning between them and to compare their competitive ability. We found that specific functional traits or competitiveness of species cannot explain the invasiveness of Atriplex species, indicating that species invasiveness involves more complex interactions of traits that are important only in certain ecological contexts, i.e. in specific environmental conditions and only some habitats. Interestingly, species trait differences related to invasion success were found between plants growing from the ecologically most contrasting fruit types. We suggest that fruit types differing in ecological behaviour may be essential in the process of invasion or in the general spreading of heterocarpic species, as they either the maximize population growth (type C fruit) or enhance the chance of survival of new populations (type A fruit). Congeners offer the best available methodical framework for comparing traits among phylogenetically closely related invasive and non-invasive species. However, as indicated by our results, this approach is unlikely to reveal invasive traits because of the complexity underlying invasiveness.

• MeSH
• Atriplex růst a vývoj   MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• klíčení MeSH
• ovoce růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• zavlečené druhy * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Genetic variability was estimated for Atriplex tatarica from 25 populations in the Czech Republic. Since its north-western range margin is in central Europe, a relationship between marginality and low within-population genetic diversity was tested in accordance with the Central-Marginal Model. METHODS: Population genetic diversity was expressed by assessing patterns of variation at 13 putatively neutral allozyme loci (comprising 30 putative alleles) within and between 25 natural populations of A. tatarica along a north-west-south-east transect in the Czech Republic. KEY RESULTS: Atriplex tatarica is a species of human-made habitats with a mixed mating system and wide geographic distribution. Overall, A. tatarica displayed moderate levels of genetic diversity in comparison with other herbaceous plants. The percentage of loci that were polymorphic was 47.1%, with average values of 1.55, 0.151 and 0.155 for the average number of alleles per polymorphic locus (A), observed heterozygosity (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He), respectively. There was only weak evidence of inbreeding within populations (FIS=0.031) and significant population differentiation (FST=0.214). Analysis of the data provides no evidence for isolation-by-distance for the whole study area. However, Mantel tests were highly significant for the marginal Bohemian region and non-significant for the central Moravian region. While northern populations of A. tatarica showed significantly lower allelic richness (A=1.462) than populations from the southern part of the study area (A=1.615), they did not differ in observed heterozygosity (Ho), gene diversity (HS), inbreeding within populations (FIS) or population differentiation (FST), despite generally lower values of particular genetic measurements in the marginal region. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic diversity, with the exception of allelic richness, was not significantly lower at the margins of the species' range. This, therefore, provides only weak support for the predictions of the Central-Marginal Model.

• MeSH
• Chenopodiaceae enzymologie   genetika   klasifikace   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• frekvence genu MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genetická variace imunologie   MeSH
• izoenzymy genetika   MeSH
• polymorfismus genetický genetika   MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny genetika   MeSH
• zeměpis MeSH

• MeSH
• alergeny imunologie   MeSH
• alergie etiologie   imunologie   MeSH
• Atriplex škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Dactylis škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Festuca škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• jílek škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lipnicovité klasifikace   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Matricaria škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Melilotus škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• obnova měst MeSH
• pelyněk škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• pyl imunologie   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• respirační alergie etiologie   MeSH
• rostliny klasifikace   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• urbanizace MeSH
• zdraví ve městech MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

The Cecidomyiidae (Diptera: Bibionomorpha) fauna of Egypt is poorly known. Investigations in northern Egypt in 2013 revealed the presence of seven species of gall midges on three host plant species: Atriplex halimus L., Arthrocnemum macrostachyum (Moric.) and Suaeda pruniosa Lange (all Chenopodiaceae). Among the gall midges, Baldratia salicorniae Kieffer and Stefaniella trinacriae De Stefani are reconfirmed records in Egypt; Houardiella gracilis Dorchin & Freidberg and Asphondylia punica Marchal are new records; and Baldratia karamae Elsayed & Skuhraván. sp. , Primofavilla aegyptiaca Elsayed n. sp. and Stefaniella skuhravae Elsayed n. sp. are new to science. Adult morphology of the latter three new species is described and illustrated, and their biology and geographic distribution are given.

• MeSH
• anatomické struktury zvířat anatomie a histologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Chenopodiaceae parazitologie   MeSH
• Chironomidae anatomie a histologie   klasifikace   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• nádory rostlin parazitologie   MeSH
• rozšíření zvířat MeSH
• velikost orgánu MeSH
• velikost těla MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Egypt MeSH

We isolated and identified functional groups of bacteria in the rumen of Creole goats involved in ruminal fermentation of native forage shrubs. The functional bacterial groups were evaluated by comparing the total viable, total anaerobic, cellulolytic, hemicellulolytic, and amylolytic bacterial counts in the samples taken from fistulated goats fed native forage diet (Atriplex lampa and Prosopis flexuosa). Alfalfa hay and corn were used as control diet. The roll tubes method increased the possibility of isolating and 16S rDNA gene sequencing allowed definitive identification of bacterial species involved in the ruminal fermentation. The starch and fiber contents of the diets influenced the number of total anaerobic bacteria and fibrolytic and amylolytic functional groups. Pseudobutyrivibrio ruminis and Pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans were the main species isolated and identified. The identification of bacterial strains involved in the rumen fermentation helps to explain the ability of these animals to digest fiber plant cell wall contained in native forage species.

• MeSH
• bachor mikrobiologie   MeSH
• bakteriální nálož MeSH
• dieta metody   MeSH
• DNA bakterií chemie   genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• grampozitivní bakterie klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• kozy MeSH
• krmivo pro zvířata * MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Vyučovací předměty Vysokých škol o potravinách rostlinného původu

• MeSH
• analýza potravin MeSH
• biozemědělství MeSH
• jedlé rostliny klasifikace   MeSH
• nutriční vědy MeSH
• potravinářská technologie MeSH
• průmysl zpracování potravin MeSH
• zemědělství MeSH

• Konspekt
• Potravinářský průmysl
• Učební osnovy. Vyučovací předměty. Učebnice
• NLK Obory
• zemědělství a potravinářství
• zemědělství a potravinářství
• NLK Publikační typ
• učebnice vysokých škol