BACKGROUND: In Europe, survival rates after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) vary widely. Presence/absence and differences in implementation of systems dispatching First Responders (FR) in order to arrive before Emergency Medical Services (EMS) may contribute to this variation. A comprehensive overview of the different types of FR-systems used across Europe is lacking. METHODS: A mixed-method survey and information retrieved from national resuscitation councils and national EMS services were used as a basis for an inventory. The survey was sent to 51 OHCA experts across 29 European countries. RESULTS: Forty-seven (92%) OHCA experts from 29 countries responded to the survey. More than half of European countries had at least one region with a FR-system. Four categories of FR types were identified: (1) firefighters (professional/voluntary); (2) police officers; (3) citizen-responders; (4) others including off-duty EMS personnel (nurses, medical doctors), taxi drivers. Three main roles for FRs were identified: (a) complementary to EMS; (b) part of EMS; (c) instead of EMS. A wide variation in FR-systems was observed, both between and within countries. CONCLUSIONS: Policies relating to FRs are commonly implemented on a regional level, leading to a wide variation in FR-systems between and within countries. Future research should focus on identifying the FR-systems that most strongly influence survival. The large variation in local circumstances across regions suggests that it is unlikely that there will be a 'one-size fits all' FR-system for Europe, but examining the role of FRs in the Chain of Survival is likely to become an increasingly important aspect of OHCA research.

• MeSH
• Databases, Factual MeSH
• Emergency Responders * MeSH
• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Survival Rate MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Emergency Medical Services * statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest therapy   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Europe MeSH

AIMS: The ESCAPE-NET project ("European Sudden Cardiac Arrest network- towards Prevention, Education and New Effective Treatments") aims to study: (1) risk factors and mechanisms for the occurrence of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) in the population, and (2) risk factors and treatment strategies for survival after SCA on a European scale. METHODS: This is an Horizon2020 funded program of the European Union, performed by a European public-private consortium of 16 partners across 10 EU countries. There are 11 deep-phenotyped SCA cohorts for the study of risk factors and treatment strategies for survival after SCA, and 5 deep-phenotyped observational prospective population cohorts for the study of risk factors for occurrence of SCA. Personalized risk scores for predicting SCA onset and for predicting survival after SCA will be derived and validated. RESULTS: The 11 clinical studies with SCA cases comprise 85,790 SCA cases; the 5 observational prospective population cohorts include 53,060 subjects. A total of 15,000 SCA samples will be genotyped for common and rare variants at the Helmholtz Zentrum München (Germany) using the Illumina Global Screening Array which contains > 770,000 SNPs, and after imputation, a database of an estimated > 9 million variants will be available for genome wide association studies. Standardization of risk factors definition and outcomes is ongoing. An Executive Committee has been created along with a Collaboration Policy document. CONCLUSION: ESCAPE-NET will complement ongoing efforts on SCA outside Europe and within Europe including the EuReCa project.

• MeSH
• Databases, Factual MeSH
• Risk Assessment MeSH
• Cohort Studies MeSH
• Comorbidity MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Death, Sudden, Cardiac epidemiology   MeSH
• Risk Factors MeSH
• Population Surveillance methods   MeSH
• Emergency Medical Services statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest etiology   mortality   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Observational Study MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Europe MeSH

Avoidance behavior can be a useful parameter for assessing the ability of organisms to escape from pollutants in their environment. For soil evaluation, a variety of invertebrates is used including the oribatid mite Oppia nitens. Here, we tested the avoidance behavior of O. nitens using a two-chamber test and an escape test with exposures to different cadmium concentrations of up to 800 mg kg-1 dry LUFA 2.2 soil for 2, 4, and 6 days, and up to 7 weeks. With the two-chamber method, the oribatid mites had the choice between clean and polluted soils, whereas they were allowed to escape from a box with polluted soil to clean containers without soil with the escape method. Avoidance of cadmium was observed after 2 days in both tests and the net response of the mites in the two-chamber test increased with increasing cadmium exposure concentrations. Mite responses varied through time, especially with the escape method; with the avoidance behavior becoming more variable and overall non-significant with longer test durations. This is the first study investigating the escape test simultaneously with long-term avoidance of cadmium by O. nitens. This mite species is a promising species for avoidance testing in soil ecotoxicology, but more experiments are needed to evaluate the factors that influence its responses in laboratory tests and the consequences for its distribution in contaminated ecosystems.

• MeSH
• Behavior, Animal * MeSH
• Ecotoxicology MeSH
• Cadmium analysis   MeSH
• Soil Pollutants * analysis   MeSH
• Soil MeSH
• Mites physiology   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Jaterní cirhóza (ci) není jednotně definována dosud ani morfologicky, byť existuje shoda v základních změnách tkáně. Spornými jsou zejména „regenerační“ uzly a prognosticky příznivá transformace mikronodulů v makronoduly. Diagnosticky pochybným prvkem ci se jeví nodulace okem patrná. V klinické diagnostice ci unikají případy ci s hladkým povrchem. Měla by se tedy diagnostika ci zakládat na dříve uznávaném pseudolobulu, histologicky typickém ostrůvku parenchymu- minimálně dva v bioptickémpreparátu (s vědomím,že můžemimořezné roviny ještě souviset s parenchymem podle nálezů síťovité struktury nodulizovaných jater). Nedořešenou zůstává i základní architektonika jater, neboť jednobuněčné muralium se zdá jen jednou z mezních struktur, podle našich zkušeností méně častou než dvojbuněčné trámce; obvyklá je přítomnost směsi jednobuněčných a dvojbuněčných struktur, do nichž jsou hepatocyty seřazeny. Pro posouzení regenerace hepatocytů v ci se spolehlivějšími než histologická kritéria jeví nálezy Ki-67, PCNA apod.

Liver cirrhosis is not yet uniformly defined even from morphological aspects, although there is agreement in basic tissue changes involved. The conflicting features include particularly the so-called regeneration nodes and a prognosis-related favourable transformation of micro-nodules in macro-nodules. The nodulation visible by eye remains a doubtful feature in diagnosis.The cases of cirrhosis with a smooth surface escape clinical diagnosis. The diagnosis should be therefore based on the previously acknowledged pseudolobulus, a histologically typical island of parenchyma (at least two in the biopsy preparation) considering the possibility that it may be connected with parenchyma outside the plane of cut (according to net structure of nodule-like reconstructed liver). The basic architectonics of the liver is not yet fully recognized, since a unicellular muralium appears to be one of extreme structures, less frequent than bi-cellular trabeculae according to our experience; the organization of hepatocytes in a mixture of unicellular and bi-cellular plates appear to be commonly present. For the evaluation of regeneration of hepatocytes in cirrhosis the findings of Ki-67, PCNA, etc. appear to be more reliable than histological criteria.

• MeSH
• Ki-67 Antigen MeSH
• Diagnosis MeSH
• Liver Cirrhosis diagnosis   pathology   MeSH
• Liver Regeneration MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH

• MeSH
• Biological Evolution MeSH
• Biology MeSH
• Ecology MeSH

• Conspectus
• Biologické vědy
• NML Fields
• biologie
• environmentální vědy

• MeSH
• European Union MeSH
• Research MeSH
• Publication type
• Abstracts MeSH
• Geographicals
• Europe MeSH

• Conspectus
• Veřejné zdraví a hygiena
• NML Fields
• veřejné zdravotnictví
• politologie, politika, zdravotní politika

• About
• Commission of the European Communities. Biomedical and Health Research Programme Authority