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Physical and chemical structure of paclitaxel (PTX) was studied after its incorporation into polymeric micelles made of hyaluronic acid (HA) (Mw=15 kDa) grafted with C6 or C18:1 acyl chains. PTX was physically incorporated into the micellar core by solvent evaporation technique. Maximum loading capacity for HAC6 and HAC18:1 was determined to be 2 and 14 wt.%, respectively. The loading efficiency was higher for HAC18:1 and reached 70%. Independently of the derivative, loaded HA micelles had spherical size of approximately 60-80 nm and demonstrated slow and sustained release of PTX in vitro. PTX largely changed its form from crystalline to amorphous after its incorporation into the micelle's interior. This transformation increased PTX sensitivity towards stressing conditions, mainly to UV light exposure, during which the structure of amorphous PTX isomerized and formed C3C11 bond within its structure. In vitro cytotoxicity assay revealed that polymeric micelles loaded with PTX isomer had higher cytotoxic effect to normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) and human colon carcinoma cells (HCT-116) than the same micelles loaded with non-isomerized PTX. Further observation indicated that PTX isomer influenced in different ways cell morphology and markers of cell cycle. Taken together, PTX isomer loaded in nanocarrier systems may have improved anticancer activity in vivo than pure PTX.
- MeSH
- fibroblasty účinky léků MeSH
- fytogenní protinádorové látky aplikace a dávkování chemie MeSH
- HCT116 buňky MeSH
- hydrofobní a hydrofilní interakce MeSH
- isomerie MeSH
- kultivované buňky MeSH
- kyselina hyaluronová aplikace a dávkování chemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- micely * MeSH
- nosiče léků aplikace a dávkování chemie MeSH
- paclitaxel aplikace a dávkování chemie MeSH
- polymery aplikace a dávkování chemie MeSH
- viabilita buněk účinky léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The kinetics of acid-catalyzed dissociation of the copper(II) complex with 7-methyl-3,7,11,17-tetraazabicyclo[11.3.1]heptadeca-1(17),13,15-triene-3,11-diacetic acid (ac2Me[14]pyN4) at [H+] = 0.05-0.25 mol l-1, I = 0.25 mol l-1 (Na, H)ClO4, and T = 298.16 K was studied with conventional and stopped-flow UV/VIS spectroscopy. Three steps of consecutive complex reaction were observed. The very fast first and second steps characterized by k1 = 70 ± 10 and k2 = 0.23 ± 0.01 l mol-1 s-1 depend on the H+ concentration. The third step is very slow, k3 = (1.08 ± 0.03) × 10-3 s-1, and does not depend on the H+ concentration. Latter rate-determining step involves an isomerisation process forcing the copper(II) ion to leave rapidly the macrocyclic cavity. The reaction mechanism of the complex dissociation has been proposed, taking into account the results obtained for related systems by independent methods: potentiometry, UV/VIS and EPR spectroscopies, X-ray diffraction analysis, and molecular mechanics calculations.
An enzymatic alternative to the chemical synthesis of chiral gem-difluorinated alcohols has been developed. The method is highly effective and stereoselective, feasible at laboratory temperature, avoiding the use of toxic heavy metal catalysts which is an important benefit in medicinal chemistry including the synthesis of drugs and drug precursors. Candida antarctica lipases A and B were applied for the enantioselective resolution of side-chain modified gem-difluorinated alcohols, (R)- and (S)-3-benzyloxy-1,1-difluoropropan-2-ols (1a and 1b), compounds serving as chiral building blocks in the synthesis of various bioactive molecules bearing a gem-difluorinated grouping. The catalytic activity of these lipases was investigated for the chiral acetylation of 1a and 1b in non-polar solvents using vinyl acetate as an acetyl donor. The dependence of the reaction course on various substrate and enzyme concentrations, reaction time, and temperature was monitored by chiral capillary electrophoresis (CE) using sulfobutyl ether β-cyclodextrin as a stereoselective additive of the aqueous background electrolyte. The application of CE, NMR, and MS methods has proved that the complex enzyme effect of Candida antarctica lipase B leads to the thermodynamically stable (S)-enantiomer 1b instead of the expected acetylated derivatives. In contrast, the enantioselective acetylation of racemic alcohol 1 was observed as a kinetically controlled process, where (R)-enantiomer 1a was formed as the main product. This process was followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and chiral isomerisation. Finally, single pure enantiomers 1a and 1b were isolated and their absolute configurations were assigned from NMR analysis after esterification with Mosher's acids.
Insulin is a key protein hormone that regulates blood glucose levels and, thus, has widespread impact on lipid and protein metabolism. Insulin action is manifested through binding of its monomeric form to the Insulin Receptor (IR). At present, however, our knowledge about the structural behavior of insulin is based upon inactive, multimeric, and storage-like states. The active monomeric structure, when in complex with the receptor, must be different as the residues crucial for the interactions are buried within the multimeric forms. Although the exact nature of the insulin's induced-fit is unknown, there is strong evidence that the C-terminal part of the B-chain is a dynamic element in insulin activation and receptor binding. Here, we present the design and analysis of highly active (200-500%) insulin analogues that are truncated at residue 26 of the B-chain (B(26)). They show a structural convergence in the form of a new beta-turn at B(24)-B(26). We propose that the key element in insulin's transition, from an inactive to an active state, may be the formation of the beta-turn at B(24)-B(26) associated with a trans to cis isomerisation at the B(25)-B(26) peptide bond. Here, this turn is achieved with N-methylated L-amino acids adjacent to the trans to cis switch at the B(25)-B(26) peptide bond or by the insertion of certain D-amino acids at B(26). The resultant conformational changes unmask previously buried amino acids that are implicated in IR binding and provide structural details for new approaches in rational design of ligands effective in combating diabetes.
- MeSH
- CD antigeny metabolismus MeSH
- inzulin analogy a deriváty chemie metabolismus MeSH
- kinetika MeSH
- konformace proteinů MeSH
- krystalografie rentgenová MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- molekulární modely MeSH
- podjednotky proteinů MeSH
- receptor inzulinu metabolismus MeSH
- sekundární struktura proteinů MeSH
- statická elektřina MeSH
- techniky in vitro MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Proteins targeted to secretory pathway enter the endoplasmic reticulum where they undergo post-translational modification and subsequent quality control executed by exquisite catalysts of protein folding, protein disulphide isomerases (PDIs). These enzymes can often provide strict conformational protein folding solutions to highly cysteine-rich cargo as they facilitate disulphide rearrangement in the endoplasmic reticulum. Under conditions when PDI substrates are not isomerised properly, secreted proteins can accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress initiation with implications for human disease development. Anterior Gradient-2 (AGR2) is an endoplasmic reticulum-resident PDI superfamily member that has emerged as a dominant effector of basic biological properties in vertebrates including blastoderm formation and limb regeneration. AGR2 perturbation in mammals influences disease processes including cancer progression and drug resistance, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease. This review will focus on the molecular characteristics, function, and regulation of AGR2, views on its emerging biological functions and misappropriation in disease, and prospects for therapeutic intervention into endoplasmic reticulum-resident protein folding pathways for improving the treatment of human disease.
- MeSH
- aminokyselinové motivy MeSH
- bronchiální astma metabolismus MeSH
- endoplazmatické retikulum metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- nádory genetika metabolismus MeSH
- posttranslační úpravy proteinů MeSH
- proteindisulfidisomerasy metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u nádorů * MeSH
- sbalování proteinů MeSH
- techniky dvojhybridového systému MeSH
- terciární struktura proteinů MeSH
- vazba proteinů MeSH
- viabilita buněk MeSH
- zánět MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Bone turnover markers (BTMs) are released during the bone remodelling cycle and are measurable in blood or urine, reflecting bone remodelling rate. They have been useful in elucidating the pharmacodynamics and effectiveness of osteoporosis medication in clinical trials and are increasingly used in routine clinical management of osteoporosis, especially for monitoring therapy, in addition to their use in other metabolic bone disease such as Paget's disease of bone and osteomalacia. Serum β isomerised C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen and pro-collagen I N-terminal propeptide have been designated as reference BTMs for use in osteoporosis. In addition, bone-specific isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (B-ALP) secreted by osteoblasts and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP-5b) secreted by osteoclasts are also found to be specific markers of bone formation and resorption, respectively. The concentrations of the latter enzymes in blood measured by immunoassay provide reliable measures of bone turnover even in the presence of renal failure. B-ALP is recommended for use in the assessment of renal bone disease of chronic kidney disease, and TRACP-5b shows promise as a marker of bone resorption in that condition. BTMs in blood do not suffer from biological variation to the same extent as the older BTMs that were measured in urine. Appropriate patient preparation and sample handling are important in obtaining accurate measures of BTMs for clinical use. Reference change values and treatment targets have been determined for the reference BTMs for their use in monitoring osteoporosis treatment. Further ongoing studies will enhance their clinical applications.
