The prevalence of Cryptosporidium and microsporidia in feral horses, which have minimal contact with livestock and humans, is not currently known. We report the findings of a study on Cryptosporidium and microsporidia in 34 Mustangs and 50 Chincoteague ponies in the USA. Fecal samples were screened for presence of Cryptosporidium spp. by analysis of the small-subunit rRNA (SSU) and 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) genes, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. by analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS). Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi were detected in 28/84 (33.3%) and 7/84 (8.3%) samples, respectively. Sequence analysis of SSU and ITS revealed the presence of Cryptosporidium parvum (n = 20) and E. bieneusi genotype horse 1 (n = 7), respectively. Subtyping of C. parvum isolates at the gp60 locus showed the presence of subtype IIaA17G2R1 in Mustangs and subtypes IIaA13G2R1 and IIaA15G2R1 in Chincoteague ponies. Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype horse 1 was detected in Mustangs (n = 2) and Chincoteague ponies (n = 5). No Cryptosporidium or E. bieneusi positive animals had diarrhea. The finding that Mustangs and Chincoteague ponies are host to the zoonotic pathogen C. parvum suggests that their infrequent contact with humans and livestock is sufficient to maintain transmission; however, we should also consider the possibility that C. parvum is an established parasite of Mustangs and Chincoteague ponies that persists in these animals independently of contact with humans or livestock.

• MeSH
• Cryptosporidium parvum klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• divoká zvířata MeSH
• Enterocytozoon klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• feces parazitologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• glykoproteiny genetika   MeSH
• koně MeSH
• kryptosporidióza epidemiologie   parazitologie   přenos   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA chemie   MeSH
• mikrosporidióza epidemiologie   parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• nemoci koní epidemiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• RNA ribozomální genetika   MeSH
• zoonózy parazitologie   přenos   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Spojené státy americké MeSH

Nine ponies, aged 12 months at the time of infection, were randomly allocated to one of three groups. Each pony was infected with 30,000 infective cyathostome larvae stored 4 weeks under the natural environmental conditions of the Czech Republic. Horses of Group A were infected with larvae conditioned from August 16 to September 12 (the first phase of the experiment). Horses of Group B were inoculated with larvae conditioned from October 10 to November 4 (the second phase of the experiment). In the third phase, horses from Group C received larvae stored under natural conditions (from 8.11 to 18.11.2011). The larvae were then kept under laboratory conditions (5 °C, the light reduction according to the nature condition). In the first and second phase of the experiment, 98.57% and 95.48% of adult nematodes were found, respectively. However, only 29.07% of adults were found in the third phase of experiment, and the proportion of arrested larvae (EL3) was 67.73%. The share of these larvae in the cecum during last phase of the experiment comprised 92.59% of all cyathostomes.

• MeSH
• cékum parazitologie   MeSH
• koně MeSH
• larva MeSH
• náhodné rozdělení MeSH
• nemoci koní parazitologie   MeSH
• Strongyloidea růst a vývoj   MeSH
• strongyloidóza koní parazitologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

A total of 9 (8 stallions and 1 mare) 1 year old ponies were used for the experimental infection caused by Encephalitozoon cuniculi genotype II (10(7) spores per animal). Subsequently, individual horses were slaughtered 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, and 63 days post infection. Immediately after slaughter, tissues samples of stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, colon, spleen, liver, kidney, bladder, heart, lungs, and brain were sampled. In addition, urine, feces and blood specimens were collected. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for determination of humoral immune response and nested PCR targeting 16S rDNA, whole ITS, and 5.8S rDNA was used for detection of E. cuniculi in collected organs, blood, feces and urine. No clinical signs of microsporidiosis including diarrhea or colic, neurological signs and fever were observed in any horses during whole experiment. Acute microsporidiosis in ponies was characterized by the dissemination of microsporidia into almost all organs and significant increase of concentration of specific antibodies in blood was observed from 28 to 42 DPI. After this acute stage microsporidia disappeared from most organs with the exception of the kidney, which was positive up to 63 DPI when the experiment was terminated. No pathological changes were observed in any organs with exception of one mare's brain, where E. cuniculi-positive cavity measuring 5 cm × 3 cm in diameter formed in the lobus piriformis.

• MeSH
• Encephalitozoon cuniculi imunologie   MeSH
• encephalitozoonóza imunologie   veterinární   MeSH
• humorální imunita fyziologie   MeSH
• koně MeSH
• nemoci koní imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Different forms of direct paternal investment have been described in mammals. One such species where paternal care was noticed, but remains poorly understood, is the horse (Equus caballus), where the male keeps a long-term relationship with several females and offspring. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse the interactions between the harem stallion and his foals. Two herds of Exmoor ponies living under semi-feral conditions in two separate reserves within Czech Republic were studied, each during one of the two consecutive breeding seasons (in 2016 and 2017). Both herds consisted of a stallion, 14 mares and their offspring (12 and 10 foals). The behaviour of all group members was recorded focusing on the stallion-foal interactions. The results show that the stallion receives more friendly interactions, snapping and playful behaviour from foals compared with adult mares. Furthermore, the stallion is more tolerant than mares, and actively plays with his offspring. There is no statistical difference in the sex of the foals in the stallion-foal interactions; however, male foals are more active than female foals in interacting with their father. The probability of a certain behaviour occurring between adult and foals changed over time. The stallion's presence might, therefore, be crucial for the physical and psychological development of the foals, especially the colts. These results may bring new insight into the common management of domestic horses, where stallions are usually kept separately and are not allowed to form natural groups.

• MeSH
• chov * MeSH
• koně MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Five days after birth of a viable Fell pony filly, yellow watery diarrhoea appeared without any signs of systemic disease. Four days later the diarrhoea ceased. On 11th day, the animal showed apathy, and a few days later, the foal was very lethargic, suffered from muscular weakness and severe watery diarrhoea that reappeared. The illness did not respond to therapy. At the age of 21 days the filly spontaneously died under symptoms of intestinal colic and pneumonia. Haematological examinations revealed lower numbers of erythrocytes as well as non-selective lymphopenia. Phagocytic activity was slightly increased, lymphocyte activity was inhibited. Histopathology showed severe alteration of the lymphatic organs. T and B lymphocytes and antigen-presenting macrophages were not arranged in characteristic areas, and the quantity of these cells was lower than would be expected. Histopathological changes in lymphatic organs resembled those described in the literature as severe combined immunodeficiency.

• MeSH
• fatální výsledek MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• koně MeSH
• lymfopenie diagnóza   imunologie   veterinární   vrozené   MeSH
• nemoci koní diagnóza   imunologie   vrozené   MeSH
• novorozená zvířata MeSH
• počet lymfocytů veterinární   MeSH
• průtoková cytometrie veterinární   MeSH
• syndromy imunologické nedostatečnosti diagnóza   imunologie   veterinární   vrozené   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

BACKGROUND: Preterm infants are at high risk of developing respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-associated lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). This observational epidemiologic study evaluated RSV disease burden and risk factors for RSV-associated LRTI hospitalization in preterm infants 33 weeks+0 days to 35 weeks+6 days gestational age not receiving RSV prophylaxis. METHODS: Preterm infants ≤6 months of age during RSV season (1 October 2013-30 April 2014) were followed at 72 sites across 23 countries from September 2013-July 2014 (study period). RSV testing was performed according to local clinical practice. Factors related to RSV-associated hospitalization for LRTI were identified using multivariable logistic regression with backward selection. RESULTS: Of the 2390 evaluable infants, 204 and 127 were hospitalized for LRTI during the study period and RSV season, respectively. Among these subjects, 64/204 and 46/127, respectively, were hospitalized for confirmed RSV LRTI. Study period and RSV season normalized RSV hospitalization rates (per 100 infant years) were 4.1 and 6.1, respectively. Factors associated with an increased risk of RSV-related LRTI hospitalization in multivariable analyses were smoking of family members (P<0.0001), non-hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease diagnosis (P = 0.0077), maternal age of ≤25 years at delivery (P = 0.0009), low maternal educational level (P = 0.0426), household presence of children aged 4 to 5 years (P = 0.0038), age on 1 October ≤3 months (P = 0.0422), and presence of paternal atopy (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: During the 2013-2014 RSV season across 23 countries, for preterm infants 33-35 weeks gestation ≤6 months old on 1 October not receiving RSV prophylaxis, confirmed RSV LRTI hospitalization incidence was 4.1 per 100 infant years during the study period and 6.1 per 100 infant years during the RSV season. This study enhances the findings of single-country studies of common risk factors for severe RSV infection in preterm infants and suggests that combinations of 4-6 risk factors may be used to accurately predict risk of RSV hospitalization. These findings may be useful in the identification of infants most at risk of severe RSV infection.

• MeSH
• gestační stáří MeSH
• hospitalizace statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• infekce dýchací soustavy diagnóza   epidemiologie   etiologie   virologie   MeSH
• infekce respiračními syncytiálními viry diagnóza   epidemiologie   etiologie   virologie   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• multivariační analýza MeSH
• novorozenec nedonošený MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• respirační syncytiální viry izolace a purifikace   patogenita   fyziologie   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• stupeň vzdělání MeSH
• věk matky MeSH
• vrozené srdeční vady komplikace   MeSH
• znečištění tabákovým kouřem škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH
• Spojené státy americké epidemiologie   MeSH
• Střední východ epidemiologie   MeSH

Hiporehabilitace zastřešuje aktivity a terapie v oblastech, ve kterých se setkává kůň a člověk se zdravotním či sociálním znevýhodněním nebo se specifickými potřebami. Intervence může být zaměřena na oblast motorickou, psychickou, sociální nebo vzdělávací v závislosti na cíli hiporehabilitace u individuálního klienta. Propojením logopedie a hiporehabilitace dochází ke komplexnímu působení na klienta s narušenou komunikační schopností za pomoci koní, poníků a souvisejících aktivit. Hiporehabilitace může být individuální nebo skupinová, v některých hiporehabilitačních programech jsou zapojováni také rodinní příslušníci a pečující osoby. Ve studiích efektu hiporehabilitace byl pozorován pozitivní efekt hiporehabilitace kromě motorických funkcí také na pozornost, hyperaktivitu, rozvoji slovní zásoby, sociální interakci a komunikaci, facilitaci zrakového kontaktu a zlepšení jazykových schopností. Při vhodné volbě cíle a metod intervence může hiporehabilitace podpořit zlepšení stavu klientů v rozsahu jejich funkčního potenciálu a zvýšit tak kvalitu jejich života.

Equine-facilitated intervention encompasses activities and therapies in areas where the horse and the person with health or social disadvantages or special needs meet. The intervention may focus on motor, psychological, social or educational areas, depending on the individual client's equine-facilitated intervention goals. By combining Speech Therapy and equine-facilitated intervention, a comprehensive intervention is provided for the client with impaired communication skills, by utilising horses, ponies and related activities. The equine-facilitated intervention can be individual or group, and some equine-facilitated intervention programmes also involve family members and caregivers. In studies of the effect of equine-facilitated intervention on children with neurodevelopmental disorders, positive effects of equine-facilitated intervention have been observed on attention, hyperactivity, vocabulary development, social interaction, communication, facilitation of eye contact and improved language skills, in addition to motor function. With the appropriate choice of intervention goals and methods, equine-facilitated intervention can promote improvement in clients' condition to the extent of their functional potential and thus enhance quality of their life.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• klinická logopedie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurovývojové poruchy rehabilitace   MeSH
• terapie využívající koní * metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH

Previous research has shown that ideas which violate our expectations, such as schema-inconsistent concepts, enjoy privileged status in terms of memorability. In our study, memory for concepts that violate cultural (cultural schema-level) expectations (e.g., "illiterate teacher", "wooden bottle", or "thorny grass") versus domain-level (ontological) expectations (e.g., "speaking cat", "jumping maple", or "melting teacher") was examined. Concepts that violate cultural expectations, or counter-schematic, were remembered to a greater extent compared with concepts that violate ontological expectations and with intuitive concepts (e.g., "galloping pony", "drying orchid", or "convertible car"), in both immediate recall, and delayed recognition tests. Importantly, concepts related to agents showed a memory advantage over concepts not pertaining to agents, but this was true only for expectation-violating concepts. Our results imply that intuitive, everyday concepts are equally attractive and memorable regardless of the presence or absence of agents. However, concepts that violate our expectations (cultural-schema or domain-level) are more memorable when pertaining to agents (humans and animals) than to non-agents (plants or objects/artifacts). We conclude that due to their evolutionary salience, cultural ideas which combine expectancy violations and the involvement of an agent are especially memorable and thus have an enhanced probability of being successfully propagated.

• MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kultura MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• paměť * MeSH
• pozornost MeSH
• pravděpodobnost MeSH
• rozpomínání MeSH
• rozpoznávání (psychologie) MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

We propose the first comprehensive in-depth study monitoring horses in the Czech Republic. We scanned 9,289 animals from 44 populations for 17 equine STRs. Other equids analysed involved Equus przewalskii and Equus asinus. The total of 228 different alleles were detected, with the mean number of 13.4 per locus. The highest allelic richness (AR) was found in the Welsh Part Bred (6.01), followed by the Camargue (5.93) and Czech Sport Pony (5.91), whereas the Friesian exhibited the lowest AR (3.06). Interpopulation differences explained approximately nine per cent of the total genetic diversity. Reynold's genetic distance ranged from 0.003 between the Czech Warmblood and the Slovak Warmblood to 0.404 between the Friesian and donkeys. Close genetic proximity between the Silesian Noriker and Noriker was revealed. The Moravian Warmblood was better differentiated and more distant from the Czech Warmblood than the Kinsky Horse and retained the original genes of the old Austro-Hungarian tribes. A high gene flow level and a lack of genetic structure were found in the seven studied populations. Despite the historical bottlenecks and previous inbreeding, the Czech-Moravian Belgian Horse, Hucul, Old Kladruber Horse and Silesian Noriker did not suffer a serious loss of genetic diversity due to genetic drift/low effective population size. A NeighborNet dendrogram revealed breeds not classified in their groups according to the nomenclature (the Friesian, Hafling and Merens).

• MeSH
• chov MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• koně genetika   MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH