Recently, traces of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been detected in black plastic food-contact materials (FCMs), indicating the presence of recycled plastics, mainly coming from waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) as BFRs are one of the main additives in electric applications. In order to evaluate efficiently and preliminary in situ the presence of WEEE in plastic FCMs, a generic procedure for the evaluation of WEEE presence in plastic FCMs by using defined parameters having each an associated importance level has been proposed. This can be achieved by combining parameters like overall bromine (Br) and antimony (Sb) content; additive and reactive BFR, rare earth element (REE) and WEEE-relevant elemental content and additionally polymer purity. In most of the cases, the WEEE contamination could be confirmed by combining X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry and thermal desorption/pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) at first. The Sb and REE content did not give a full confirmation as to the source of contamination, however for Sb the opposite counts: Sb was joined with elevated Br signals. Therefore, Br at first followed by Sb were used as WEEE precursors as both elements are used as synergetic flame-retardant systems. WEEE-specific REEs could be used for small WEEE (sWEEE) confirmation; however, this parameter should be interpreted with care. The polymer purity by Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and pyrolysis GC-MS in many cases could not confirm WEEE-specific contamination; however, it can be used for purity measurements and for the suspicion of the usage of recycled fractions (WEEE and non-WEEE) as a third-line confirmation. To the best of our knowledge, the addition of WEEE waste to plastic FCMs is illegal; however, due to lack on screening mechanisms, there is still the breakthrough of such articles onto the market, and, therefore, our generic procedure enables the quick and effective screening of suspicious samples.

• MeSH
• brom analýza   MeSH
• elektronický odpad analýza   MeSH
• obaly potravin MeSH
• plastické hmoty analýza   MeSH
• plynová chromatografie s hmotnostně spektrometrickou detekcí MeSH
• recyklace MeSH
• retardanty hoření analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Currently, use and disposal of plastic by consumers through waste management activities in Ghana not only creates environmental problems, but also reinforces the notion of a wasteful society. The magnitude of this problem has led to increasing pressure from the public for efficient and practical measures to solve the waste problem. This paper analyses the impact of plastic use and disposal in Ghana. It emphasizes the need for commitment to proper management of the impacts of plastic waste and effective environmental management in the country. Sustainable Solid Waste Management (SSWM) is a critical problem for developing countries with regards to climate change and greenhouse gas emission, and also the general wellbeing of the populace. Key themes of this paper are producer responsibility and management of products at end of life. The paper proposes two theatrical recovery models that can be used to address the issue of sachet waste in Ghana.

• MeSH
• nakládání s odpady ekonomika   metody   MeSH
• pitná voda MeSH
• plastické hmoty analýza   MeSH
• recyklace ekonomika   metody   MeSH
• teoretické modely MeSH
• tuhý odpad analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Ghana MeSH

Plastic waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) can contain polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) that have been used as fire retardants for a long time. PBDEs were listed in the Stockholm Convention as persistent organic pollutants, so PBDE-containing plastic waste should be separated and disposed of in an ecologically sound manner. In the article, the results of bromine and PBDE content in plastic samples of WEEE collected in Belarus are presented. The screening method for bromine identification and HRGC/HRMS for PBDE identification were applied. It is shown that bromine is present in 43% of the 111 studied samples. Most often, Br-containing plastic was found in CRT monitor, CRT TVs and LCD monitor (about 50%), printers (35%), and LCD TVs (25%). PBDEs were revealed in 12 Br-containing samples, representing TVs, monitors, and printers. The sum of ∑10PBDEs varied from 6.6 to 21,000 μg/kg. BDE-209 dominated in 9 samples (75% of cases); BDE-183, in two; and BDE-47 and BDE-99, in one sample. Based on the low content of PBDEs in the plastic, year of equipment production, and year of restriction of PBDEs applied in the countries-manufacturers, it was concluded that the presence of PBDEs in plastic is a consequence of contaminated waste recycling. Despite the relatively low concentrations of PBDEs (below the limit values established by the Stockholm and Basel conventions for POP wastes), further research is necessary with an extension of the list of analyzed types of equipment and identification of other brominated flame retardants.

• MeSH
• elektronický odpad analýza   MeSH
• halogenované difenylethery analýza   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• plastické hmoty MeSH
• retardanty hoření analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Běloruská republika MeSH

Electronic waste (e-waste) has emerged as a global environmental problem because of its massive production volume and un-structured management policy. Since the rate of e-waste accumulation is startling and the combinatorial effects of toxicants are complex, we have investigated six phthalic acid esters (PAEs), bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA)), bisphenol A (BPA), sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and eight heavy metals (HMs) in the surface soil of e-waste recycling workshops and nearby open dumpsites in four metropolitan cities of India viz., New Delhi (north), Kolkata (east), Mumbai (west) and Chennai (south). Average concentration of ∑16PAHs (1259 ng/g), ∑6PAEs (396 ng/g), BPA (140 ng/g) and ∑8HM (1288 mg/kg) in the informal e-waste recycling sites were higher than ∑16PAHs (1029 ng/g), ∑6PAEs (93 ng/g), BPA (121 ng/g) and ∑8HM (675 mg/kg) in dumpsites. Almost 50-90% of BPA, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), ∑7carcPAHs and copper (Cu) were from e-waste sites predominantly from metal recovery sites (EWR). Extensive combustion of e-waste particularly in the EWR sites at New Moore market and Pudupet in Chennai and Wire Lane, Kurla of Mumbai can explain the segregation of diethyl phthalate (DEP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) and carcinogenic PAHs in the first principal component (PC-1). Copper and lead along with highly abundant plasticizers like DEHP, dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and BPA were loaded in PC-2. Combined impact of burning the plastic cables in e-waste and acid leaching process especially at Mandoli in New Delhi might have driven this result. Loading of chrysene, DEHA and low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs mostly in dumpsite soil might have resulted from incomplete combustion of dumped e-waste. Copper was found to exhibit the highest pollution estimated by geo-accumulation index (Igeo). Maximum estimated carcinogenic risk for adults via dermal contact was due to copper, followed by chromium, lead and nickel.

• MeSH
• benzhydrylové sloučeniny analýza   MeSH
• dibutylftalát analýza   MeSH
• elektronický odpad analýza   MeSH
• estery analýza   MeSH
• fenoly analýza   MeSH
• kyseliny ftalové analýza   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu analýza   MeSH
• polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky analýza   MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• recyklace MeSH
• skládková zařízení statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• těžké kovy analýza   MeSH
• velkoměsta MeSH
• zvláčňovadla analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Indie MeSH
• velkoměsta MeSH

BACKGROUND: In working environment of waste treatment facilities, employees are exposed to high concentrations of airborne microorganisms. Fungi constitute an essential part of them. This study aims at evaluating the diurnal variation in concentrations and species composition of the fungal contamination in 2 plastic waste sorting facilities in different seasons. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Air samples from the 2 sorting facilities were collected through the membrane filters method on 4 different types of cultivation media. Isolated fungi were classified to genera or species by using a light microscopy. RESULTS: Overall, the highest concentrations of airborne fungi were recorded in summer (9.1×10³-9.0×10⁵ colony-forming units (CFU)/m₃), while the lowest ones in winter (2.7×10³-2.9×10⁵ CFU/m³). The concentration increased from the beginning of the work shift and reached a plateau after 6-7 h of the sorting. The most frequently isolated airborne fungi were those of the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus. The turnover of fungal species between seasons was relatively high as well as changes in the number of detected species, but potentially toxigenic and allergenic fungi were detected in both facilities during all seasons. CONCLUSIONS: Generally, high concentrations of airborne fungi were detected in the working environment of plastic waste sorting facilities, which raises the question of health risk taken by the employees. Based on our results, the use of protective equipment by employees is recommended and preventive measures should be introduced into the working environment of waste sorting facilities to reduce health risk for employees. Med Pr 2017;68(1):1-9.

• MeSH
• houby izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch v pracovním prostředí izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiologie vzduchu * MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• plastické hmoty analýza   MeSH
• počet mikrobiálních kolonií MeSH
• pracovní expozice statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• skládková zařízení * MeSH
• tuhý odpad analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Polsko MeSH

To fulfill national and international fire safety standards, flame retardants (FRs) are being added to a wide range of consumer products and building materials consisting of flammable materials like plastic, wood and textiles. While the FR composition of some products and materials has been identified in recent years, the limited global coverage of the data and the large diversity in consumer products necessitates more information for an overall picture of the FR composition in common products/materials. To address this issue, 137 individual samples of various consumer products, building materials and wastes were collected. To identify and characterize potential sources of FRs in indoor environment, all samples were analyzed for content of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) and novel flame retardants (NFRs). The most frequently detected were HBCDDs (85%), with the highest median concentration of Σ4HBCDDs of 300 mg kg(-1) in polystyrenes. The highest median concentration of Σ10PBDEs was found in recycled plastic materials, reaching 4 mg kg(-1). The lowest concentrations were observed for NFRs, where the median of Σ12NFRs reached 0.4 mg kg(-1) in the group of electrical & electronic equipment wastes. This suggests that for consumer products and building materials that are currently in-use, legacy compounds still contribute to the overall burden of FRs. Additionally, contrasting patterns of FR composition in recycled and virgin plastics, revealed using principle component analysis (PCA), suggest that legacy flame retardants are reentering the market through recycled products, perpetuating the potential for emissions to indoor environments and thus for human exposure.

• MeSH
• bromované uhlovodíky analýza   MeSH
• halogenované difenylethery analýza   MeSH
• konstrukční materiály analýza   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• plastické hmoty analýza   MeSH
• potřeby pro domácnost * MeSH
• retardanty hoření analýza   MeSH
• tuhý odpad analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

• MeSH
• brýle * MeSH
• plastické hmoty MeSH
• recyklace * metody   trendy   MeSH
• zpracovatelský průmysl metody   trendy   MeSH

Synaptické váčky udržují recyklizací endocytózy a exocytózy pokračování normální synaptické transmise. SNARE komplex hraje centrální roli v Ca2+-vyvolaném výdeji neurotransmiteru. Dalším krokem je Clathrin- Dynamin-dependentní endocytóza.

The synaptic vesicles keep recycling by the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis to maintain the normal synaptic transmission. The SNARE complex plays a central role in Ca2+-triggered neurotransmitter release. The next step is Clathrin- Dynamindependent endocytosis.

• MeSH
• finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
• neuroplasticita MeSH
• presynaptické terminály MeSH
• receptory presynaptické MeSH

The collet (root-hypocotyl junction) region is an important plant transition zone between soil and atmospheric environments. Despite its crucial importance for plant development, little is known about how this transition zone is specified. Here we document the involvement of the exocyst complex in this process. The exocyst, an octameric tethering complex, participates in secretion and membrane recycling and is central to numerous cellular and developmental processes, such as growth of root hairs, cell expansion, recycling of PIN auxin efflux carriers and many others. We show that dark-grown Arabidopsis mutants deficient in exocyst subunits can form a hair-bearing ectopic collet-like structure above the true collet, morphologically resembling the true collet but also retaining some characteristics of the hypocotyl. The penetrance of this phenotypic defect is significantly influenced by cultivation temperature and carbon source, and is related to a defect in auxin regulation. These observations provide new insights into the regulation of collet region formation and developmental plasticity of the hypocotyl.

• MeSH
• Arabidopsis genetika   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• hypokotyl genetika   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny huseníčku genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

A high molecular weight compound, 2,4,6-tris(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine (TTBP-TAZ), was detected during the analysis of brominated flame retardants in dust samples collected from an electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) recycling facility in Ontario, Canada. Gas chromatography coupled with both high-resolution and low-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) was used to determine TTBP-TAZ's chemical structure and concentrations. To date, TTBP-TAZ has only been detected in plastic casings of electrical and electronic equipment and house dust from The Netherlands. Here we report on the concentrations of TTBP-TAZ in selected samples from North America: e-waste dust ( n = 7) and air ( n = 4), residential dust ( n = 30), and selected outdoor air ( n = 146), precipitation ( n = 19), sediment ( n = 11) and water ( n = 2) samples from the Great Lakes environment. TTBP-TAZ was detected in all the e-waste dust and air samples, and in 70% of residential dust samples. The median concentrations of TTBP-TAZ in these three types of samples were 5540 ng/g, 5.75 ng/m3 and 6.76 ng/g, respectively. The flame retardants 2,4,6-tribromophenol, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate, and 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dibromopropyl) ether, BDE-47 and BDE-209 were also measured for comparison. None of these other flame retardants concentrations was significantly correlated with those of TTBP-TAZ in any of the sample types suggesting different sources. TTBP-TAZ was not detected in any of the outdoor environmental samples, which may relate to its application history and physicochemical properties. This is the first report of TTBP-TAZ in North America.

• MeSH
• bromované uhlovodíky MeSH
• elektronický odpad * MeSH
• halogenované difenylethery MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• plynová chromatografie s hmotnostně spektrometrickou detekcí MeSH
• prach MeSH
• retardanty hoření * MeSH
• triaziny MeSH
• znečištění vzduchu ve vnitřním prostředí * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Nizozemsko MeSH
• Ontario MeSH
• Severní Amerika MeSH