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V České republice je průměrně ročně spácháno přibližně 1 500 sebevražd. Jen malé procento z nich tvoří suicidium, kde je nástrojem vozidlo. Prokázat suicidální úmysl při smrtelné dopravní nehodě je velmi obtížné. Tyto nehody však mají většinou obdobné charakteristické znaky. Cílem tohoto článku je představit a porovnat dvě téměř identické dopravní nehody - shodná lokalita, identický typ vozidla i karoserie. Zatímco v jednom případě došlo ke smrtelnému zranění, ve druhém případě, kdy byl prokázán suicidální úmysl, došlo k těžkému zranění řidiče.
In the Czech Republic, 1 500 suicides are committed in average per year approximately. Only in a small percentage has been used vehicle as a tool. Prove suicidal intent in a fatal road accident has been difficult, but mostly these accidents have similar characteristics - impact with tree or similar fixed obstacle, non - use of seat belt, absence of brake traces, etc. The aim of this paper is to present and analyse two almost identical traffic accidents identical location, identical vehicle type. While one of these was fatal (but not proven suicide), the second accident was not fatal, but with suicidal intent. Data were obtained as a part of the Czech In-depth Study conducted by Transport Research Centre. Data from In-depth Accident Analysis provide a comprehensive view of all the factors related to a particular accident and serve to identify the characteristics leading to the crash occurrence.
- MeSH
- bezpečnostní pásy sedadel MeSH
- dopravní nehody * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- sebevražda MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Dýchací systém je vystavený nespočetnému množstvu častíc nachádzajúcich sa vo vzduchu, ktoré môžu byť inhalované, s potenciálnym škodlivým pôsobením na tracheobronchiálny strom a pľúca. Mukociliárny transport predstavuje najvýznamnejší obranný mechanizmus nereflexnej povahy na udržanie priechodnosti dýchacích ciest. Účinnosť mukociliárneho klírensu závisí od integrity ciliárneho epitelu, frekvencie a koordinácie pohybu cílií, hustoty hlienu a hrúbky sólovej a gélovej vrstvy a viskoelasticity hlienu. Mnohé látky sú schopné modifikovať hlien a týmto spôsobom napomáhať expektorácii. Pri farmakologickom ovplyvnení mukopatológie hlienu je najúčinnejšia kombinovaná mukokinetická liečba zameraná na viac ako jeden mechanizmus uplatňujúci sa v kontrole kvality a množstva hlienu a jeho odstránení z dýchacích ciest.
Respiratory system is exposed to a myriad of particles suspended in air which may be inhaled with potentially injurious effects to the tracheobronchial tree and lungs. The efficiency of mucociliary clearance depends on the integrity of the ciliated epithelium, the ciliary beat frequency and coordination, the consistency and depth of the sol and gel layers and the viscoelasticity of the latter. Many agents are claimed to modify mucus and help in expectoration. In the therapy of mucopathology the most effective is combined mucokinetic therapy addressing more than one mechanism involved in the control of airway mucus secretion and clearance.
Cyanobacterial strain ARC8 was isolated from seepage coming into the river Dračice, Františkov, Czech Republic, and was characterized using a polyphasic approach. Strain ARC8 showed a typical Nostoc-like morphology and in-depth morphological characterization indicated that it is a member of the genus Nostoc. Furthermore, in the 16S rRNA gene phylogeny inferred using Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood and neighbour joining methods, strain ARC8 clustered within the Nostoc sensu stricto clade. The phylogenetic distance and the positioning of strain ARC8 also indicated that it is a member of the genus Nostoc. Furthermore, the rbcL gene phylogeny along with the 16S-23S ITS secondary structure analysis also supported the findings from the 16S rRNA gene tree. In accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants we describe a novel species of Nostoc with the name Nostoc neudorfense sp. nov.
- MeSH
- Bayesova věta MeSH
- DNA bakterií genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze * MeSH
- Nostoc klasifikace izolace a purifikace MeSH
- řeky mikrobiologie MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S genetika MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- techniky typizace bakterií MeSH
- zastoupení bazí MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Increasing evidence indicates that forest disturbances are changing in response to global change, yet local variability in disturbance remains high. We quantified this considerable variability and analyzed whether recent disturbance episodes around the globe were consistently driven by climate, and if human influence modulates patterns of forest disturbance. We combined remote sensing data on recent (2001-2014) disturbances with in-depth local information for 50 protected landscapes and their surroundings across the temperate biome. Disturbance patterns are highly variable, and shaped by variation in disturbance agents and traits of prevailing tree species. However, high disturbance activity is consistently linked to warmer and drier than average conditions across the globe. Disturbances in protected areas are smaller and more complex in shape compared to their surroundings affected by human land use. This signal disappears in areas with high recent natural disturbance activity, underlining the potential of climate-mediated disturbance to transform forest landscapes.
The importance of sharing experimental data in neuroscience grows with the amount and complexity of data acquired and various techniques used to obtain and process these data. However, the majority of experimental data, especially from individual studies of regular-sized laboratories never reach wider research community. A graphical user interface (GUI) engine called Neurovascular Network Explorer 2.0 (NNE 2.0) has been created as a tool for simple and low-cost sharing and exploring of vascular imaging data. NNE 2.0 interacts with a database containing optogenetically-evoked dilation/constriction time-courses of individual vessels measured in mice somatosensory cortex in vivo by 2-photon microscopy. NNE 2.0 enables selection and display of the time-courses based on different criteria (subject, branching order, cortical depth, vessel diameter, arteriolar tree) as well as simple mathematical manipulation (e.g. averaging, peak-normalization) and data export. It supports visualization of the vascular network in 3D and enables localization of the individual functional vessel diameter measurements within vascular trees. NNE 2.0, its source code, and the corresponding database are freely downloadable from UCSD Neurovascular Imaging Laboratory website1. The source code can be utilized by the users to explore the associated database or as a template for databasing and sharing their own experimental results provided the appropriate format.
- MeSH
- databáze faktografické MeSH
- mozková kůra metabolismus MeSH
- myši MeSH
- neuronové sítě MeSH
- somatosenzorické korové centrum metabolismus MeSH
- vazomotorický systém patologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- audiovizuální média MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
Aluminium (Al) speciation is a characteristic that can be used as a tool for describing the soil acidification process. The question that was answered is how tree species (beech vs spruce) and type of soil horizon affect Al speciation. Our hypotesis is that spruce and beech forest vegetation are able to modify the chemical characteristics of organic horizon, hence the content of Al species. Moreover, these characteristics are seasonally dependent. To answer these questions, a detailed chromatographic speciation of Al in forest soils under contrasting tree species was performed. The Jizera Mountains area (Czech Republic) was chosen as a representative mountainous soil ecosystem. A basic forestry survey was performed on the investigated area. Soil and precipitation samples (throughfall, stemflow) were collected under both beech and spruce stands at monthly intervals from April to November during the years 2008-2011. Total aluminium content and Al speciation, pH, and dissolved organic carbon were determined in aqueous soil extracts and in precipitation samples. We found that the most important factors affecting the chemistry of soils, hence content of the Al species, are soil horizons and vegetation cover. pH strongly affects the amount of Al species under both forests. Fermentation (F) and humified (H) organic horizons contain a higher content of water extractable Al and Al(3+) compared to organo-mineral (A) and mineral horizons (B). With increasing soil profile depth, the amount of water extractable Al, Al(3+) and moisture decreases. The prevailing water-extractable species of Al in all studied soils and profiles under both spruce and beech forests were organically bound monovalent Al species. Distinct seasonal variations in organic and mineral soil horizons were found under both spruce and beech forests. Maximum concentrations of water-extractable Al and Al(3+) were determined in the summer, and the lowest in spring.
- MeSH
- buk (rod) MeSH
- hliník analýza chemie MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza chemie MeSH
- lesy MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- roční období MeSH
- smrk MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
This paper presents a neural network simulator based on anonymized patient motions that measures, categorizes, and infers human gestures based on a library of anonymized patient motions. There is a need for a sufficient training set for deep learning applications (DL). Our proposal is to extend a database that includes a limited number of videos of human physiotherapy activities with synthetic data. As a result of our posture generator, we are able to generate skeletal vectors that depict human movement. A human skeletal model is generated by using OpenPose (OP) from multiple-person videos and photographs. In every video frame, OP represents each human skeletal position as a vector in Euclidean space. The GAN is used to generate new samples and control the parameters of the motion. The joints in our skeletal model have been restructured to emphasize their linkages using depth-first search (DFS), a method for searching tree structures. Additionally, this work explores solutions to common problems associated with the acquisition of human gesture data, such as synchronizing activities and linking them to time and space. A new simulator is proposed that generates a sequence of virtual coordinated human movements based upon a script.
- MeSH
- databáze faktografické MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neuronové sítě * MeSH
- pohyb * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
We investigated fungal growth and community composition in buried meshbags, amended with apatite, biotite or hornblende, in Norway spruce (Picea abies) forests of varying nutrient status. Norway spruce needles and soil collected from forests overlying serpentinite had low levels of potassium and phosphorus, those from granite had low levels of magnesium, whereas those from amphibolite had comparably high levels of these nutrients. We assayed the fungal colonization of meshbags by measuring ergosterol content and fungal community with 454 sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region. In addition, we measured fine root density. Fungal biomass was increased by apatite amendment across all plots and particularly on the K- and P-deficient serpentinite plots, whereas hornblende and biotite had no effect on fungal biomass on any plots. Fungal community (total fungal and ectomycorrhizal) composition was affected strongly by sampling location and soil depth, whereas mineral amendments had no effect on community composition. Fine root biomass was significantly correlated with fungal biomass. Ectomycorrhizal communities may respond to increased host-tree phosphorus demand by increased colonization of phosphorus-containing minerals, but this does not appear to translate to a shift in ectomycorrhizal community composition. This growth response to nutrient demand does not appear to exist for potassium or magnesium limitation.
- MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- draslík farmakologie MeSH
- ergosterol metabolismus MeSH
- fosfor farmakologie MeSH
- hořčík farmakologie MeSH
- houby účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- lesy * MeSH
- listy rostlin chemie účinky léků MeSH
- minerály metabolismus MeSH
- multivariační analýza MeSH
- půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
- smrk účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
A dedicated field experiment was conducted to investigate the response of a green reflectance continuum removal-based optical index, called area under the curve normalized to maximal band depth between 511 nm and 557 nm (ANMB511-557), to light-induced transformations in xanthophyll cycle pigments of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst] needles. The performance of ANMB511-557 was compared with the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) computed from the same leaf reflectance measurements. Needles of four crown whorls (fifth, eighth, 10th, and 15th counted from the top) were sampled from a 27-year-old spruce tree throughout a cloudy and a sunny day. Needle optical properties were measured together with the composition of the photosynthetic pigments to investigate their influence on both optical indices. Analyses of pigments showed that the needles of the examined whorls varied significantly in chlorophyll content and also in related pigment characteristics, such as the chlorophyll/carotenoid ratio. The investigation of the ANMB511-557 diurnal behaviour revealed that the index is able to follow the dynamic changes in the xanthophyll cycle independently of the actual content of foliar pigments. Nevertheless, ANMB511-557 lost the ability to predict the xanthophyll cycle behaviour during noon on the sunny day, when the needles were exposed to irradiance exceeding 1000 µmol m(-2) s(-1). Despite this, ANMB511-557 rendered a better performance for tracking xanthophyll cycle reactions than PRI. Although declining PRI values generally responded to excessive solar irradiance, they were not able to predict the actual de-epoxidation state in the needles examined.
BACKGROUND: No universal solution, based on an approved pedagogical approach, exists to parametrically describe, effectively manage, and clearly visualize a higher education institution's curriculum, including tools for unveiling relationships inside curricular datasets. OBJECTIVE: We aim to solve the issue of medical curriculum mapping to improve understanding of the complex structure and content of medical education programs. Our effort is based on the long-term development and implementation of an original web-based platform, which supports an outcomes-based approach to medical and healthcare education and is suitable for repeated updates and adoption to curriculum innovations. METHODS: We adopted data exploration and visualization approaches in the context of medical curriculum innovations in higher education institutions domain. We have developed a robust platform, covering detailed formal metadata specifications down to the level of learning units, interconnections, and learning outcomes, in accordance with Bloom's taxonomy and direct links to a particular biomedical nomenclature. Furthermore, we used selected modeling techniques and data mining methods to generate academic analytics reports from medical curriculum mapping datasets. RESULTS: We present a solution that allows users to effectively optimize a curriculum structure that is described with appropriate metadata, such as course attributes, learning units and outcomes, a standardized vocabulary nomenclature, and a tree structure of essential terms. We present a case study implementation that includes effective support for curriculum reengineering efforts of academics through a comprehensive overview of the General Medicine study program. Moreover, we introduce deep content analysis of a dataset that was captured with the use of the curriculum mapping platform; this may assist in detecting any potentially problematic areas, and hence it may help to construct a comprehensive overview for the subsequent global in-depth medical curriculum inspection. CONCLUSIONS: We have proposed, developed, and implemented an original framework for medical and healthcare curriculum innovations and harmonization, including: planning model, mapping model, and selected academic analytics extracted with the use of data mining.
- MeSH
- kurikulum * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- statistické modely * MeSH
- studium lékařství * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
