evolutionary strata Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
Učební texty
26 s. ; 29 cm
- MeSH
- dospělí psychologie MeSH
- psychologie MeSH
- senioři psychologie MeSH
- stárnutí psychologie MeSH
- vývojová biologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí psychologie MeSH
- senioři psychologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- učebnice MeSH
- Konspekt
- Vývojová psychologie. Individuální psychologie
- NLK Obory
- psychologie, klinická psychologie
BACKGROUND: S. latifolia is a model organism for the study of sex chromosome evolution in plants. Its sex chromosomes include large regions in which recombination became gradually suppressed. The regions tend to expand over time resulting in the formation of evolutionary strata. Non-recombination and later accumulation of repetitive sequences is a putative cause of the size increase in the Y chromosome. Gene decay and accumulation of repetitive DNA are identified as key evolutionary events. Transposons in the X and Y chromosomes are distributed differently and there is a regulation of transposon insertion by DNA methylation of the target sequences, this points to an important role of DNA methylation during sex chromosome evolution in Silene latifolia. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether the reduced expression of the Y allele in S. latifolia is caused by genetic degeneration or if the cause is methylation triggered by transposons and repetitive sequences. RESULTS: Gene expression analysis in S. latifolia males has shown expression bias in both X and Y alleles. To determine whether these differences are caused by genetic degeneration or methylation spread by transposons and repetitive sequences, we selected several sex-linked genes with varying degrees of degeneration and from different evolutionary strata. Immunoprecipitation of methylated DNA (MeDIP) from promoter, exon and intron regions was used and validated through bisulfite sequencing. We found DNA methylation in males, and only in the promoter of genes of stratum I (older). The Y alleles in genes of stratum I were methylation enriched compared to X alleles. There was also abundant and high percentage methylation in the CHH context in most sequences, indicating de novo methylation through the RdDM pathway. CONCLUSIONS: We speculate that TE accumulation and not gene decay is the cause of DNA methylation in the S. latifolia Y sex chromosome with influence on the process of heterochromatinization.
Sex chromosome replacement is frequent in many vertebrate clades, including fish, frogs, and lizards. In order to understand the mechanisms responsible for sex chromosome turnover and the early stages of sex chromosome divergence, it is necessary to study lineages with recently evolved sex chromosomes. Here we examine sex chromosome evolution in a group of African cichlid fishes (tribe Tropheini) which began to diverge from one another less than 4 MYA. We have evidence for a previously unknown sex chromosome system, and preliminary indications of several additional systems not previously reported in this group. We find a high frequency of sex chromosome turnover and estimate a minimum of 14 turnovers in this tribe. We date the origin of the most common sex determining system in this tribe (XY-LG5/19) near the base of one of two major sub-clades of this tribe, about 3.4 MY ago. Finally, we observe variation in the size of one sex-determining region that suggests independent evolution of evolutionary strata in species with a shared sex-determination system. Our results illuminate the rapid rate of sex chromosome turnover in the tribe Tropheini and set the stage for further studies of the dynamics of sex chromosome evolution in this group.
- MeSH
- cichlidy * genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- jezera MeSH
- mitochondriální DNA genetika MeSH
- molekulární evoluce MeSH
- pohlavní chromozomy genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Tanzanie MeSH
Suppressed recombination allows divergence between homologous sex chromosomes and the functionality of their genes. Here, we reveal patterns of the earliest stages of sex-chromosome evolution in the diploid dioecious herb Mercurialis annua on the basis of cytological analysis, de novo genome assembly and annotation, genetic mapping, exome resequencing of natural populations, and transcriptome analysis. The genome assembly contained 34,105 expressed genes, of which 10,076 were assigned to linkage groups. Genetic mapping and exome resequencing of individuals across the species range both identified the largest linkage group, LG1, as the sex chromosome. Although the sex chromosomes of M. annua are karyotypically homomorphic, we estimate that about one-third of the Y chromosome, containing 568 transcripts and spanning 22.3 cM in the corresponding female map, has ceased recombining. Nevertheless, we found limited evidence for Y-chromosome degeneration in terms of gene loss and pseudogenization, and most X- and Y-linked genes appear to have diverged in the period subsequent to speciation between M. annua and its sister species M. huetii, which shares the same sex-determining region. Taken together, our results suggest that the M. annua Y chromosome has at least two evolutionary strata: a small old stratum shared with M. huetii, and a more recent larger stratum that is probably unique to M. annua and that stopped recombining ∼1 MYA. Patterns of gene expression within the nonrecombining region are consistent with the idea that sexually antagonistic selection may have played a role in favoring suppressed recombination.
Ke vzniku hyperglykemie a inzulinorezistence dochází u naprosté většiny těžkých akutních onemocnění nebo zranění. Hlavní příčinou hyperglykemie u kriticky nemocných je uvolnění kontraregulačních stresových hormonů a prozánětlivých cytokinů, dále zvýšená produkce glukózy a snížená utilizace glukózy. Hyperglykemie hraje významnou roli v ovlivnění kaskády zánětlivých cytokinů, ale taktéž zvyšuje oxidační stres. V minulosti byla stresová hyperglykemie považována za evolučně protektivní, přirozenou adaptační reakci organizmu na aktuální ohrožení, která umožňuje zvýšený vstup glukózy do buněk non-inzulindependentních tkání, a zlepšuje tak šanci na přežití. V současnosti však tento stav inzulinové rezistence, glukózové intolerance a hyperglykemie nazýváme "stresový diabetes" nebo "diabetes of injury" - diabetes z poškození. Od dob průlomové "Leuvenské" studie, která přinesla výrazné snížení morbidity i mortality kriticky chirurgicky nemocných, se při striktní kontrole glykemie soustřeďuje zejména v prostředí jednotek intenzivní péče na léčbu hyperglykemie. Přestože rozsáhlá observační data ukazují konzistentní, téměř lineární vztah mezi koncentracemi krevní glukózy zaznamenanými u hospitalizovaných pacientů a výskytem nepříznivých klinických výsledků, objevily se zvláště pochybnosti týkající se univerzálnosti kontroly a její bezpečnosti a úskalí vyplývajících z hypoglykemie. Do prostředí této kontroverzní diskuze vstoupila nyní poslední mezinárodní klinická studie NICE- SUGAR, na jejíchž post hoc analýzách se pracuje. Navzdory rozporům je nepochybné, že uvážlivá kontrola glykemie u kriticky nemocných je oprávněná. Při realizaci kontroly glykemie zůstává největším problémem aplikační režim inzulinu - vlastní inzulinový protokol. Pokud se týká cílů, je nutno brát v úvahu, že nejlepší pozitivní účinky na výsledky můžeme očekávat u určitých podskupin pacientů s kritickým onemocněním, což je předmětem dalšího studia. Další zefektivnění dosažení optimálních rozmezí glykemie u kriticky nemocných nám umožní vytvoření a zavedení počítačových algoritmů, které velmi zjednoduší a zdokonalí kontinuální monitorování glykemie. Je však nepochybně zapotřebí zlepšit technologii monitorování a kvalitu biosenzorů, aby intervence vedoucí ke snížení hladiny glykemie za použití moderních protokolů byly bezpečné a účinné. Příslibem budoucnosti jsou automatické uzavřené systémy.
Hyperglycemia and insulin resistance develop in the majority of severe acute illness and/or injury. One of the main causes of hyperglycemia in critically ill patients is the release of counterregulatory stress hormones and proinflammatory cytokines, in addition to increased production of glucose along with its decreased utilization. Hyperglycemia plays an important role not only in influencing the cascade of inflammatory cytokines, but it also increases oxidative stress. In the past, stress hyperglycemia was thought to be an evolutionary protective, natural adaptive response of the body to current threat, which allows increased entry of glucose into the cells of non-insulin-tissues, thus improving chances for survival. At present, however, this state of insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia is called "stress diabetes" or "diabetes of injury". Ever since the time of the breakthrough "Leuven" study, which brought significant reduction in morbidity and mortality in surgical critically ill patients with tight glycemic control, hospitals, particularly their intensive care units, have focused on the treatment of hyperglycemia. Although extensive observational data have shown a consistent, almost linear relationship between blood glucose concentrations seen in hospitalized patients and the incidence of adverse clinical results, there have been particular doubts concerning the universality of control, its safety, and pitfalls resulting from hypoglycemia. This controversial debate is currently enriched by the recent international trial - the NICE-SUGAR, whose post-hoc analyses are currently underway. Despite the controversy there is no doubt that the deliberate control of blood glucose control in critically ill patients is justified. It is the insulin application regimen--the insulin protocol per se--that remains the biggest problem in the implementation of glycemic control. Regarding targets, it is necessary to take into account that the best positive effects on outcomes can be anticipated in certain subgroups of critically ill patients, which is currently the subject of further study. Continued streamlining, achieving optimal blood glucose ranges in critically ill patients will allow us to develop and apply computer algorithms that greatly simplify and improve continuous monitoring of blood glucose. Procedures seeking optimal intensive control in critically ill patients are accepted in intensive care units. However, it is undoubtedly necessary to improve monitoring techniques and the quality of biosensors in order to ensure the safety and effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing blood glucose levels while using advanced protocols. Automatic closed systems are a promise for the future.
- Klíčová slova
- JIP, kriticky nemocný pacient, inzulinoterapie, těsná kontrola systému,
- MeSH
- hyperglykemie diagnóza komplikace terapie MeSH
- imunitní systém metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- inzulin aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- inzulinová rezistence fyziologie imunologie MeSH
- jednotky intenzivní péče využití MeSH
- kardiovaskulární systém metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- medicína založená na důkazech trendy MeSH
- metaanalýza jako téma MeSH
- monitorování léčiv metody využití MeSH
- nervový systém metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- péče o pacienty v kritickém stavu metody využití MeSH
- porucha glukózové tolerance diagnóza farmakoterapie MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH