land-sharing development
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Urban areas are expanding globally as a consequence of human population increases, with overall negative effects on biodiversity. To prevent the further loss of biodiversity, it is urgent to understand the mechanisms behind this loss to develop evidence-based sustainable solutions to preserve biodiversity in urban landscapes. The two extreme urban development types along a continuum, land-sparing (large, continuous green areas and high-density housing) and land-sharing (small, fragmented green areas and low-density housing) have been the recent focus of debates regarding the pattern of urban development. However, in this context, there is no information on the mechanisms behind the observed biodiversity changes. One of the main mechanisms proposed to explain urban biodiversity loss is the alteration of predator-prey interactions. Using ground-nesting birds as a model system and data from nine European cities, we experimentally tested the effects of these two extreme urban development types on artificial ground nest survival and whether nest survival correlates with the local abundance of ground-nesting birds and their nest predators. Nest survival (n = 554) was lower in land-sharing than in land-sparing urban areas. Nest survival decreased with increasing numbers of local predators (cats and corvids) and with nest visibility. Correspondingly, relative abundance of ground-nesting birds was greater in land-sparing than in land-sharing urban areas, though overall bird species richness was unaffected by the pattern of urban development. We provide the first evidence that predator-prey interactions differ between the two extreme urban development types. Changing interactions may explain the higher proportion of ground-nesting birds in land-sparing areas, and suggest a limitation of the land-sharing model. Nest predator control and the provision of more green-covered urban habitats may also improve conservation of sensitive birds in cities. Our findings provide information on how to further expand our cities without severe loss of urban-sensitive species and give support for land-sparing over land-sharing urban development.
- MeSH
- biodiverzita MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- hnízdění MeSH
- kočky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- obnova měst * MeSH
- predátorské chování MeSH
- ptáci * MeSH
- velkoměsta MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- kočky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
- velkoměsta MeSH
- MeSH
- bydlení MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- fyziologie výživy kojenců MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- kojení MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- péče o dítě MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- sociální podmínky MeSH
- socioekonomické faktory MeSH
- tělesná hmotnost MeSH
- tělesná výška MeSH
- vývoj dítěte MeSH
- zdravotnické přehledy MeSH
- životní prostředí MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Československo MeSH
Background: Early childhood is a critical period for shaping and influencing feeding behaviours which have implications for future health. Understanding the food consumption patterns and their shifts over time can provide guidance to health care providers and nutrition specialists who provide nutrition counselling and develop nutrition messages. Objectives: To examine feeding patterns of 1–5 year old children and their changes with age. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire study designed to obtain information on basic demographic indicators and feeding habits was conducted in Prague and all 13 regions of the Czech Republic. The carers of 1,130 children aged 1 to 5 years were approached in public places. Obtained data were computerized, descriptive statistics and t-tests for food intake frequency by age, breast-feeding status, sex, maternal education, and domicile were calculated. The difference was considered significant when P value was <0.05. Results: The median duration of breast-feeding of children not breast-fed at the time of the interview was 9 months; 29.5% one-year olds were still breast-fed at the time of the interview. Median number of meals per day was 4 in 1 and 5 year olds and 5 in children 2 to 4 years old. The diet of one-year-olds, albeit with lower fruit and vegetable consumption and low fish consumption, was close to recommendations. The milk and milk products, fruit, vegetable, and poultry intake frequency significantly decreased with age. The meat and grains groups, smoked meat and meat products, sweets, and fried food intake frequency significantly increased with age. Fish consumption remained low. Higher vegetable intake frequency was associated with breast-feeding, maternal education, and female sex. Higher fruit consumption was associated with breast-feeding and living in Prague. Higher meat group intake frequency was associated with male sex. Conclusions: Our data confirm that the dietary habits are formed early in the life. Enhancement of multi-channel delivery of nutrition messages for feeding of toddlers and pre-schoolers and for the improvement of family eating habits are needed.
- MeSH
- dieta statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- fyziologie výživy dětí MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- kojení statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- sexuální faktory MeSH
- socioekonomické faktory MeSH
- stravovací zvyklosti MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- Check Tag
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Zubní kaz je jedno z nejlépe preventabilních infekčních a behaviorálních onemocnění. Determinující faktory vzniku zubního kazu jsou přítomné už ve fetálním období a pokračují bezprostředně po narození, v kojeneckém, dětském i dospělém věku. K iniciaci zubního kazu významně přispívají zejména špatné stravovací návyky dětí a nedostatečná ústní hygiena. Pro dětské lékaře je velkou výzvou a příležitostí, aby poskytovali první správné rady týkající se primární prevence kazu časného dětství (ECC) matkám dětí, které mají v primární péči.
Dental caries is one of the best preventable infectious and behavioural diseases. The determining factors for development of dental caries are present even during fetal life and follow-up immediately after birth, during childhood and adulthood. Especially children's bad dietary habits and inappropriate oral hygiene are significant contributors to dental caries initiation. There is a great appeal and opportunity for pediatricians to offer the first correct advices concerned about primary prevention of early childhood caries to mothers of infants in their primary care.
- Klíčová slova
- časný zubní kaz,
- MeSH
- čištění zubů MeSH
- cukrovinky škodlivé účinky MeSH
- dieta kariogenní škodlivé účinky MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- kojení škodlivé účinky MeSH
- konzumní sacharóza škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- orální hygiena MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- socioekonomické faktory MeSH
- stravovací zvyklosti MeSH
- zdravotní výchova zubní MeSH
- zubní kaz * etiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- zubní plak mikrobiologie MeSH
- zuby mléčné * MeSH
- Check Tag
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
... -- Overpopulation: Too Many People 4 Depletion: Eroding the Basis of Life 4 Pollution: Fouling the Land ... ... 126 -- Setting Our Goals 126 Population Control Strategies 126 Developed Countries—What Can They Do? ... ... 130 Developing Countries—What Can They Do? ... ... Liquid Assets 222 -- Population Control 222 Technical Solutions: Costs and Benefits 222 Doing Your Share ... ... Development 486 -- Making Sustainable Development Work 487 -- Summary 488 Discussion Questions 489 Suggested ...
3rd.ed. 549 s.
... Obstacles to achieving supportive environments 8 -- Chapter 3 Learning from experience 11 -- Policy development ... ... analysis model 22 -- Seven strategies for creating supportive environments for health 23 -- Policy development ... ... immediate surroundings 102 -- Services in the community 104 -- Conclusions 107 -- Lack of access to land ... ... - Chapter 10 Transport 137 -- Issues and problems 137 -- Activities and solutions 139 -- Policy development ... ... Meeting transport needs 140 -- Road safety 141 -- Congestion, pollution and loss of amenities and land ...
Public health in action, ISSN 1020-1629 No. 3
XIII, 201 s. : il. ; 24 cm
- MeSH
- podpora zdraví MeSH
- zdravotní výchova MeSH
- zdravotnické plánování - podpora MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kongresy MeSH
- Konspekt
- Výchova a vzdělávání
- NLK Obory
- zdravotní výchova
- veřejné zdravotnictví
- zdravotní výchova
- NLK Publikační typ
- publikace WHO
... Technology transfer from high-income countries 11 -- The new model 12 -- A systems approach 12 -- Developing ... ... institutional capacity 13 -- Achieving better performance 18 -- Shared responsibility 18 -- Setting ... ... trends 36 -- Trends in selected countries 36 -- Projections and predictions 37 -- Motorization, development ... ... Factors influencing exposure to risk 72 -- Rapid motorization 72 -- Demographic factors 74 -- Transport, land ... ... traffic system designed for safe, sustainable use 109 -- Managing exposure to risk through transport and land-use ...
xv, 217 s. : tab., grafy ; 30 cm
- MeSH
- airbagy MeSH
- bezpečnostní opatření MeSH
- bezpečnostní pásy sedadel MeSH
- dopravní nehody prevence a kontrola MeSH
- motorová vozidla MeSH
- prevence úrazů MeSH
- řízení motorových vozidel MeSH
- úrazy a nehody MeSH
- Konspekt
- Hygiena. Lidské zdraví
- NLK Obory
- traumatologie
- zdravotní výchova
- zájmy a záliby
- NLK Publikační typ
- publikace WHO
BACKGROUND: Foreign aid has been shown to be favourably biased towards small countries. This study investigated whether country size bias also occurs in national malaria policy and development assistance from international agencies. METHODS: Data from publicly available sources were collected with countries as observational units. The exploratory data analysis was based on the conceptual framework with socio-economic, environmental and institutional parameters. The strength of relationships was estimated by the Pearson and polychoric correlation coefficients. The correlation matrix was explored by factor analysis. RESULTS: Malaria burden is strongly correlated with GDP per capita, total health expenditure per capita, HDI; moderately with latitude, weakly with elevation, urban population share, per capita funding from the Global Fund, PMI USAID, UK government and UNICEF. Small country status is strongly correlated with population size, land area, island status; moderately with development assistance received per capita, weakly with funding per capita from Global Fund, government NMP and PMI USAID. Policy score 1, a variable derived from our factor analysis and related to malaria endemicity, is significantly strongly correlated with the malaria burden, moderately with HDI, GDP per capita, total health expenditure per capita, PMI USAID funding; weakly with island status, urban population share, latitude, coastal population share, total government expenditure and trade openness, Global Fund funding, World Bank funding, UK government funding, and UNICEF funding per capita. Policy score 2, which captures variation not related to malaria endemicity, is significantly weakly related to the ICRG index, PMI USAID funding per capita and small country status. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that malaria burden and economic development are bidirectionally related. Economic development can contribute to a reduction in the malaria burden. Country size does not negatively impact malaria burden, but it does account for greater development assistance per capita from selected international agencies. National malaria policy is associated with parameters related to public governance and is modified in small countries. Small country bias is present in the distribution of socio-economic resources and the allocation of foreign aid. Small countries are characterized by distinct environmental and socio-political properties.
Počátky turistiky v českých zemích spadají hluboko do 19. století. Za její prvotní organizovanou formu lze u nás považovat skupinové výlety postupně vznikajících sokolských jednot a v oblastech s výraznějším podílem německého obyvatelstva, pak i místních jednot Turnvereinu. K brzkému rozvoji turistiky došlo i v jižních Čechách, které jsou na přírodní krásy a historické památky velmi bohaté. Toto sdělení je zaměřeno na vznik spontánní a následně i organizované turistiky provozované obyvateli Českých Budějovic, a to v jejich bezprostředním i vzdálenějším okolí. Českobudějovická turistika se ve sledovaném období postupně vyvinula ve značně rozvětvený a vzájemně se prostupující soubor specifických i nespecifických turistických spolků, odborů a klubů a stala se jednou z nejvýznamnějších součástí zdejšího systému tělesné výchovy a sportu. Jejím charakteristickým znakem tehdy byla poměrně vyvážená dvojnárodnostní struktura, která zde ale nevedla přes některé vzájemně si konkurující místní národní zájmy k významnějším národnostním excesům.
The beginnings of tourism in the Czech lands fall deep into the 19th century. Group trips of gradually emerging Sokol unions and local unions of Turnverein in areas with a significant share of the German population can be considered its primary organized form. The early development of tourism also took place in South Bohemia, which is very rich in natural beauties and historical monuments. This article focuses on the emergence of spontaneous and subsequently organized tourism carried on by the inhabitants of České Budějovice (Budweis), both in their close and distant surroundings. During the period under review, Budweiser tourism gradually developed into a well-branched and interdependent set of specific and non-specific tourist associations, units and clubs and became one of the most important parts of the local system of physical education and sport. Its hallmark at that time was a relatively balanced dual-national structure, but it did not lead to more significant national excesses despite some competing local national interests.
... Publisher -- Transfusion is published by John Wiley & Sons, 101 Station Landing, Suite 300, Medford, ... ... wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/trf -- Access to this journal is available free online within institutions in the developing ... ... Since launching the initiative, we have focused on sharing our content with those in need, enhancing ... ... www.Research4Life, making online scientific content available free or at nominal cost to researchers in developing ... ... Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals did not have a role in the development, review or approval of the articles ...
Transfusion, ISSN 0041-1132 Vol. 58, No. S1, February 2018
strana 545-613 : ilustrace ; 28 cm
- MeSH
- endovaskulární výkony MeSH
- separace krevních složek MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
- sborníky MeSH
- Konspekt
- Patologie. Klinická medicína
- NLK Obory
- hematologie a transfuzní lékařství
