BACKGROUND: In this priority-setting exercise, we sought to identify leading research priorities needed for strengthening future pandemic preparedness and response across countries. METHODS: The International Society of Global Health (ISoGH) used the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) method to identify research priorities for future pandemic preparedness. Eighty experts in global health, translational and clinical research identified 163 research ideas, of which 42 experts then scored based on five pre-defined criteria. We calculated intermediate criterion-specific scores and overall research priority scores from the mean of individual scores for each research idea. We used a bootstrap (n = 1000) to compute the 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Key priorities included strengthening health systems, rapid vaccine and treatment production, improving international cooperation, and enhancing surveillance efficiency. Other priorities included learning from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, managing supply chains, identifying planning gaps, and promoting equitable interventions. We compared this CHNRI-based outcome with the 14 research priorities generated and ranked by ChatGPT, encountering both striking similarities and clear differences. CONCLUSIONS: Priority setting processes based on human crowdsourcing - such as the CHNRI method - and the output provided by ChatGPT are both valuable, as they complement and strengthen each other. The priorities identified by ChatGPT were more grounded in theory, while those identified by CHNRI were guided by recent practical experiences. Addressing these priorities, along with improvements in health planning, equitable community-based interventions, and the capacity of primary health care, is vital for better pandemic preparedness and response in many settings.

• MeSH
• COVID-19 * epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• konsensus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• připravenost na pandemii * MeSH
• výzkumný projekt MeSH
• zdraví dítěte MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY This thesis presents the very current topic of general hospital preparedness to deal with crisis situations in mass casualty incidents. MATERIAL AND METHODS The key part of the work consists in a questionnaire survey of 26 foreign and domestic respondents, which provides a very good description of this issue in various countries of the world. The group is divided into health facilities in developed and developing countries of the world according to the UN Human Development Index. Another sub-group consists of hospitals in areas with a higher frequency of terrorist attacks and a separate group is formed by 5 hospitals in the Czech Republic. Based on the results of the questionnaire survey, the preparedness of hospitals for dealing with mass casualty incidents is compared in both the groups according to the advancement of the country and also in the subgroup of hospitals in the Czech Republic and in countries with frequent terrorist attacks. The maximum achievable score evaluating the hospital readiness is 20 points. The data obtained by the questionnaire survey is evaluated using statistical methods. RESULTS Higher preparedness of hospitals was found in developed countries, with a hospital preparedness score of 12.9 points compared with 5.9 points in developing countries' hospitals. Hospitals in the Czech Republic show a similar readiness for mass casualties as the other hospitals in developed countries, with the mean score of 12.2 points. Hospitals in countries with a higher number of terrorist attacks did not show a higher readiness to deal with crisis situations associated with mass casualties - the mean score of 9.4 points. DISCUSSION The following discussions and evaluations, together with personal experience and thorough knowledge of real-life solutions, became the basis for recommendations of triage procedures, organization of surgery and traumatology departments and material equipment of medical facilities in the Czech Republic. CONCLUSIONS By applying the results of the habilitation thesis it is possible to achieve an optimal solution and increase the reliability in the preparedness of hospitals in dealing with crisis situations, especially to eliminate the discrepancy between theory and practice. Key words: mass casualty incidents, triage, hospital preparedness, disaster management response.

• MeSH
• hromadné neštěstí * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemocnice MeSH
• Organizace spojených národů MeSH
• plánování postupu v případě katastrof * MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

• MeSH
• civilní obrana normy   organizace a řízení   MeSH
• plánování postupu v případě katastrof normy   organizace a řízení   MeSH
• techniky plánování MeSH

• MeSH
• civilní obrana MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• plánování postupu v případě katastrof MeSH
• techniky plánování MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Zkušenosti z praxe v oblasti krizového i obranného plánování ukazují, že neexistuje dostatečný soulad mezi nevojenskými a vojenskými aktivitami při plánování bezpečnosti. K dosažení souladu bude potřebné vytvořit minimálně společný pohled na celou tuto problematiku. Tedy vymezit i pojem plánování bezpečnosti státu, respektive bezpečnostní plánování. Administrativně je nutnost novelizace v bezpečnostním plánování ošetřena na úrovni usnesení vlády, kterým se schvalují opatření k optimalizaci bezpečnostního systému státu.

• MeSH
• bezpečnost normy   zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• civilní obrana organizace a řízení   pracovní síly   zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• ozbrojené síly MeSH
• plánování postupu v případě katastrof metody   organizace a řízení   zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• řízení bezpečnosti metody   využití   zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• techniky plánování MeSH
• vedení války MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Low temporal stability may complicate the interpretation of survey measures of conspiracy theories (CTs). Current study examines the stability of endorsement of CTs on a popular set of items addressing COVID-19-related CTs. An online survey tapping two CTs about COVID-19 was administered to 179 students of general medicine. The same items were presented twice in March 2022 and once in May 2022. The mean endorsement of the CTs did not differ between March and May. The correlation between answers provided in March and May was low (.5 < r < .7). Most of those reporting agreement with CTs in March reported disagreement in May. Conspiracy believers' responses did not change between two measurements in March but were different in May, suggesting that the low temporal stability was due to situational factors rather than erroneous or random answers. Poor temporal stability of responses endorsing CTs may problematize interpretation of survey data. Respondents' endorsement of CTs may be affected by situational factors, inflating agreement with CTs, and correlations with other survey-based measures.

• MeSH
• COVID-19 * epidemiologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

This article presents the results of the project: “Social determinants of health and their impact on the health of immigrants living in the Czech Republic”. During the project, quantitative data were collected in 2013 and 2014 from 994 immigrant respondents from Ukraine, Vietnam, Russia, Poland, and Slovakia living in the Czech Republic. Data interpretation relied on the theory of social determinants of health. The key areas of integration were analysed using SWOT analysis with recommendations drafted for overcoming the identified barriers to integration, not only with respect to the selected nationalities, but also with regard to common characteristics. Our research suggests that integration of the selected groups of immigrants was affected by three basic aspects, specifically: active participation in the labour market, degree of fluency in Czech language (both spoken and written), and social support as prevention of social exclusion. These aspects coincide with the current priorities of integration in the Czech Republic. The research results and the SWOT analysis served as the basis for formulating recommendations aimed at improving the immigrant integration process within the Czech Republic, i.e. increase fluency in Czech language for immigrants, matching of previously acquired qualifications with jobs in the Czech labour market, improvement of working conditions for foreign nationals, better preparedness of employment offices to deal with foreign nationals; personal assistance in cooperation with employers, effective participation of successful foreigners within the integration process, training for government agency employees in dealing with foreign nationals, and increased understanding of integration and intercultural empathy issues.

• MeSH
• emigranti a imigranti * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• sociální determinanty zdraví MeSH
• sociální přizpůsobení MeSH
• zapojení do společnosti MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

According to the fear module theory, humans are evolutionarily predisposed to perceive snakes as prioritized stimuli and exhibit a fast emotional and behavioral response toward them. In Europe, highly dangerous snake species are distributed almost exclusively in the Mediterranean and Caspian areas. While the risk of a snakebite is relatively low in Central Europe, Azerbaijan, on the other hand, has a high occurrence of the deadly venomous Levant viper (Macrovipera lebetina). We hypothesize that co-habitation with this dangerous snake has shaped the way in which humans evaluate snake species resembling it. For that purpose, we asked respondents from the Czech Republic and Azerbaijan to rank photographs depicting 36 snake species according to perceived fear and beauty. The results revealed a high cross-cultural agreement in both evaluations (fear r2 = 0.683, p < 0.0001; beauty: r2 = 0.816, p < 0.0001). Snakes species eliciting higher fear tend to be also perceived as more beautiful, yet people are able to clearly distinguish between these two dimensions. Deadly venomous snakes representing a serious risk are perceived as highly fearful. This is especially true for the vipers and allies (pit vipers) possessing a characteristic body shape with a distinct triangular head and thick body, which was found as the most fear evoking by respondents from both countries. Although the attitude toward snakes is more negative among the respondents from Azerbaijan, their fear evaluation is similar to the Czechs. For instance, despite co-habitation with the Levant viper, it was not rated by the Azerbaijanis as more fearful than other dangerous snakes. In conclusion, agreement in the evaluation of snake fear and beauty is cross-culturally high and relative fear attributed to selected snake species is not directly explainable by the current environmental and cultural differences. This may provide some support for the evolutionary hypothesis of preparedness to fear snakes.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Přestože je pravděpodobnost havárie jaderné elektrárny považována v České republice za extrémně nízkou, je nutné, aby na ni byli občané i úřady připraveni. Důležitou součástí připravenosti na mimořádné události je poskytnutí jasných pokynů pro případnou evakuaci obyvatelstva z oblastí zasažených radioaktivní kontaminací. V této souvislosti je třeba se zabývat různými druhy otázek: Jaká jsou zdravotní rizika, s nimiž by se museli potýkat lidé, kteří by v zamořené oblasti zůstali? Kdy se mají lidé evakuovat, jinými slovy, které úrovně radiace si vyžadují aktivní zásah? Kdo má být evakuován jako první; tím se myslí, které skupiny, jsou-li vůbec nějaké, by měly dostat přednost? Jaké jsou etické principy, které určují, kdy a kdo? Právě touto poslední otázkou se zde budeme zabývat. V tomto článku jsou blíže probrány pokyny, jež byly vydány v příslušných veřejných dokumentech a je v něm identifikována celá řada nejednoznačných a rozporuplných záležitostí. V článku je uvedeno doporučení, aby se osobám s rozhodovacími pravomocemi daly k dispozici dodatečné informace a aby byly obeznámeny s etickými aspekty svých rozhodnutí. V článku se podotýká, že je možné brát v úvahu klasické etické teorie, jakými jsou např. utilitarismus a deontologie, ale že ve věku globalizace může být vhodnější mezikulturní přístup.

Although the probability of a nuclear power plant accident in the Czech Republic is considered to be extremely low, authorities and citizens have to be prepared. An important part of emergency preparedness is the provision of clear guidelines for the possible evacuation of people from areas of radioactive contamination. In this context, different types of questions need to be addressed: What are the health risks that people remaining in a contaminated area would have to face? When are people to be evacuated, i.e. which radiation levels warrant action? Who is to be evacuated first, i.e. which groups, if any, should take precedence? What are the ethical principles that determine the when and who? This latter question is addressed here. The paper looks at the guidance given by the relevant public documents and identifies a number of ambiguous and contradictory points. It recommends that decision-makers are provided with additional information and are made aware of the ethical aspects of their decisions. It suggests that classical ethical theories such as utilitarianism and deontology can be taken into consideration, but that in an age of globalization a cross-cultural approach may be more appropriate.

• MeSH
• hromadné neštěstí etika   prevence a kontrola   psychologie   MeSH
• jaderné elektrárny * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• transport pacientů etika   organizace a řízení   MeSH
• únik radioaktivních látek * prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• záchranná práce etika   metody   organizace a řízení   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• krevní transfuze MeSH
• medicína v divočině MeSH
• resuscitace MeSH
• transfuzní lékařství MeSH
• vojenské lékařství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kongresy MeSH
• sborníky MeSH
• zprávy MeSH

• Konspekt
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NLK Obory
• hematologie a transfuzní lékařství
• urgentní lékařství