shading duration
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... -- 5.3.1 General 14 5.3.2 Criteria for exposure to sunlight 14 -- 5.3.3 Verification of sunlight duration ... ... D.5 Determination of the position of the sun in the sky 40 -- D.6 Evaluation rules for sunlight duration ... ... 45 -- D.7 Sunlight duration in the reference point P 46 -- D.7.1 Example 46 -- D.7.2 Calculation 46 ... ... -- D.7.3 Result 47 -- D. 8 On-site verification of duration of exposure to sunlight 48 -- Annex E (informative ... ... pokute -- CSN EN 17037 -- EN 17037:2018 (E) -- E.5 Verification of the glare protection capability of shadings ...
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Natural fluctuations in light intensity may significantly affect the amount of CO assimilated by plants and ecosystems. Little is known, however, about the interactive effect of dynamic light conditions and atmospheric CO concentrations. The hypothesis that elevated CO concentration (EC; 700 μmol CO mol) increases photosynthetic efficiency in dynamic light environments as compared to ambient CO concentration (AC; 385 μmol CO mol) was tested. Sun leaves of European beech ( L.) and current-year shoots of Norway spruce [ (L). Karst.] were exposed to five dynamic light regimes (LRs) occurring within forest canopies due to variable cloud cover or self-shading of leaves and to a steady-state LR. The LRs differed in the time course of incident irradiance, whereas the overall duration (600 s) and total amount of radiation (35.88 mmol photons m) were the same in all LRs. The EC treatment enhanced the amount of CO assimilated under all LRs tested. While the stimulation was only 37 to 50% in beech, it was 52 to 85% in spruce. The hypothesis that photosynthetic efficiency is stimulated by EC was confirmed in LRs when the leaves were pre-exposed to low light intensity and photosynthetic induction was required. By contrast, only a minor effect of EC treatment was found on the rate of induction loss and postillumination CO fixation in both species studied.
Ultrafialové záření obsažené ve slunečním spektru může poškodit dětskou kůži akutním popálením, ale také odstartovat změny vedoucí v dospělosti ke vzniku rakoviny kůže. Úroveň oslunění závisí na intenzitě a délce expozice, denní době a ročním období, zeměpisné poloze a nadmořské výšce, způsobu činnosti, také na věku a fototypu dítěte. Ochrana před UV zářením spočívá v pobytu ve stínu, nošení fotoprotektivních oděvů a aplikaci sunscreenů na nechráněnou kůži. Sluncem poškozenou kůži je potřeba ošetřit jako popáleninu a zamezit dalšímu slunění.
Ultraviolet radiation contained in the solar spectrum can damage children's skin by acute burns, but it can also trigger changes leading to adulthood skin cancer. The amount of sun exposure depends on the intensity and duration of the exposure, the time of day and season, the geographical location and altitude, the mode of activity, as well as the age and phototype of the child. UV protection consists of staying in the shade, wearing photoprotective clothes and applying sunscreens to unprotected skin. Sun-damaged skin should be treated as a burn with prevention further sun exposure.
Ultrafialové záření obsažené ve slunečním spektru může poškodit dětskou kůži akutním popálením, ale také odstartovat změny vedoucí v dospělosti ke vzniku rakoviny kůže. Úroveň oslunění závisí na intenzitě a délce expozice, denní době a ročním období, zeměpisné poloze a nadmořské výšce, způsobu činnosti, také na věku a fototypu dítěte. Ochrana před UV zářením spočívá v pobytu ve stínu, nošení fotoprotektivních oděvů a aplikaci sunscreenů na nechráněnou kůži. Sluncem poškozenou kůži je potřeba ošetřit jako popáleninu a zamezit dalšímu slunění.
Ultraviolet radiation contained in the solar spectrum can damage children's skin by acute burns, but it can also trigger changes leading to adulthood skin cancer. The amount of sun exposure depends on the intensity and duration of the exposure, the time of day and season, the geographical location and altitude, the mode of activity, as well as the age and phototype of the child. UV protection consists of staying in the shade, wearing photoprotective clothes and applying sunscreens to unprotected skin. Sun-damaged skin should be treated as a burn with prevention further sun exposure.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- kůže MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- primární prevence MeSH
- přípravky chránící proti slunci * terapeutické užití MeSH
- sluneční spáleniny prevence a kontrola terapie MeSH
- sluneční záření * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- ultrafialové záření škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Ultrafialové záření obsažené ve slunečním spektru může poškodit dětskou kůži akutním popálením, ale také odstartovat změny vedoucí v dospělosti ke vzniku rakoviny kůže. Úroveň oslunění závisí na intenzitě a délce expozice, denní době a ročním období, zeměpisné poloze a nadmořské výšce, způsobu činnosti, také na věku a fototypu dítěte. Ochrana před UV zářením spočívá v pobytu ve stínu, nošení fotoprotektivních oděvů a aplikaci sunscreenů na nechráněnou kůži. Sluncem poškozenou kůži je potřeba ošetřit jako popáleninu a zamezit dalšímu slunění.
Ultraviolet radiation contained in the solar spectrum can damage children's skin by acute burns, but it can also trigger changes leading to adulthood skin cancer. The amount of sun exposure depends on the intensity and duration of the exposure, the time of day and season, the geographical location and altitude, the mode of activity, as well as the age and phototype of the child. UV protection consists of staying in the shade, wearing photoprotective clothes and applying sunscreens to unprotected skin. Sun-damaged skin should be treated as a burn with prevention further sun exposure.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Long-term practice-based clinical evaluations of various contemporary ceramic crown restorations from multiple practitioners are limited. PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to evaluate the clinical performance of ceramic single crowns and to identify factors that influence their clinical performance. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ceramic single crowns that had been placed at the Mayo Clinic and in function since 2005 were identified and included in the study. The restorations were examined clinically, radiographically, and with photographs. Modified United States Public Health Services criteria were used for the clinical evaluation. The ceramic systems evaluated were bilayer and monolayer. RESULTS: Fifty-nine patients (41 women, 18 men) with 226 single teeth and implants restored with single ceramic crowns were identified. The mean duration from insertion date to study examination date was 6.1 years. Thirteen restorations (6%) were replaced at a mean 3.3 years after insertion date (range, 0.1-6.1 years). Estimated replacement-free survival rates (95% confidence interval [CI]; number of teeth/implants still at risk) at 5 years after insertion date were 95.1% (95% CI, 92.2-98.1; 153) and at 10 years were 92.8% (95% CI, 89.1-96.8; 8). The most common reason for replacement was fracture to the core of posterior layered ceramic crowns. The most commonly used luting agent was resin-modified ionomer cement. Most restorations exhibited clinically acceptable marginal integrity, shade, no caries recurrence, and no periapical pathology. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical performance of ceramic single crowns at 5 and 10 years supports their application in all areas of the mouth. With the majority of fractures to the core occurring early in the lifetime of layered ceramic posterior crowns, consideration of other monolithic ceramic systems for posterior crowns is advised.
- MeSH
- analýza přežití MeSH
- barva MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- keramika chemie MeSH
- komunitní participační výzkum MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- následné studie MeSH
- opakovaná terapie MeSH
- oxid hlinitý chemie MeSH
- povrchové vlastnosti MeSH
- pryskyřičné cementy chemie MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- skloionomerní cementy chemie MeSH
- zirkonium chemie MeSH
- zubní kaz klasifikace MeSH
- zubní korunky * MeSH
- zubní marginální adaptace MeSH
- zubní materiály chemie MeSH
- zubní náhrada ve spojení s implantáty MeSH
- zubní porcelán chemie MeSH
- zuby-sanace - opotřebování MeSH
- zuby-sanace - selhání MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Tree mortality is a key factor influencing forest functions and dynamics, but our understanding of the mechanisms leading to mortality and the associated changes in tree growth rates are still limited. We compiled a new pan-continental tree-ring width database from sites where both dead and living trees were sampled (2970 dead and 4224 living trees from 190 sites, including 36 species), and compared early and recent growth rates between trees that died and those that survived a given mortality event. We observed a decrease in radial growth before death in ca. 84% of the mortality events. The extent and duration of these reductions were highly variable (1-100 years in 96% of events) due to the complex interactions among study species and the source(s) of mortality. Strong and long-lasting declines were found for gymnosperms, shade- and drought-tolerant species, and trees that died from competition. Angiosperms and trees that died due to biotic attacks (especially bark-beetles) typically showed relatively small and short-term growth reductions. Our analysis did not highlight any universal trade-off between early growth and tree longevity within a species, although this result may also reflect high variability in sampling design among sites. The intersite and interspecific variability in growth patterns before mortality provides valuable information on the nature of the mortality process, which is consistent with our understanding of the physiological mechanisms leading to mortality. Abrupt changes in growth immediately before death can be associated with generalized hydraulic failure and/or bark-beetle attack, while long-term decrease in growth may be associated with a gradual decline in hydraulic performance coupled with depletion in carbon reserves. Our results imply that growth-based mortality algorithms may be a powerful tool for predicting gymnosperm mortality induced by chronic stress, but not necessarily so for angiosperms and in case of intense drought or bark-beetle outbreaks.
- MeSH
- brouci * MeSH
- fyziologický stres MeSH
- období sucha * MeSH
- stromy růst a vývoj MeSH
- uhlík MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
