Acute intoxication incidents due to neurotoxic organophosphate (OP) insecticides are occasionally reported, related either to suicidal attempts or occupational exposure due to the misuse of protective equipment. Among them, chlorpyrifos is a compound related to great controversy, which is still authorized and easily accessible in many countries around the world. However, to screen for its exposure markers, instrumental methods are commonly applied, which cannot enable rapid monitoring at an early stage of an intoxication. Therefore, in this study, a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) able to rapidly screen for chlorpyrifos-oxon, the toxic chlorpyrifos metabolite, in human serum was developed and fully validated. The μPAD combines wax-printed butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) paper sensors, a lab-on-a-chip (LOC) prototype injector and a smartphone as the analytical detector. In principle, the wax-printed strips with adsorbed BChE are embedded into LOC injectors able to deliver samples and reagents on-demand. A smartphone reader was used to monitor the color development on the strips providing binary qualitative results. μPAD method performance characteristics were thoroughly evaluated in terms of specificity, detection capability (CCβ) and ruggedness. The developed analytical platform is rapid (results within 10 min), cost-efficient (0.70 €), potentially applicable at the point-of-need and attained a low CCβ (10 μg L-1 in human serum). Finally, μPAD characteristics were critically compared to well-established methods, namely an in-house BChE microplate assay and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

• MeSH
• chytrý telefon MeSH
• dursban * MeSH
• laboratoř na čipu MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrofluidika MeSH
• mikrofluidní analytické techniky * MeSH
• papír MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

One way of satisfying increased market demand and simultaneously achieving a reduced environmental load in the industrial paper production is the use of fibrous agricultural residues. The aims of this study were i) to investigate the effect of alkaline - hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) pre-treatments on the delignification of Miscanthus × giganteus stalks (MGS) and ii) establishing the suitability of MGS as feedstock and their exploitation in pulp and paper manufacturing. It was demonstrated that the proposed treatment is an efficient delignification method for the non-wood fiber sources, such as miscanthus. A significant outcome of this work was the observation that HC treatment preserved the fibres lengths and surface quality of raw MGS, but at the same time increased the amount of kinked and curled fibers present in cavitated miscanthus fibers. The average miscanthus fiber length was found to be relatively short at 0.45 (±0.28) mm, while the slenderness ratio, the flexibility coefficient and Runkel ratio values were calculated to be 28.13, 38.16 and 1.62, respectively. The estimated physical properties of MGS pulp hand-sheets were 24.88 (±3.09) N m g-1 as the tensile index, 0.92 (±0.06) kPa m2 g-1 as the burst index and 4.0 (±0.37) mN m2 g-1 as the tear index. Overall the current work demonstrated effective use of hydrodynamic cavitation for improving the processing in pulp and paper manufacturing.

• MeSH
• hydrodynamika * MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• lignin chemie   MeSH
• lipnicovité chemie   MeSH
• papír * MeSH
• povrchové vlastnosti MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Publikace se zaměřuje na Ebersův papyrus a dějiny staroegyptského lékařství a přípravy léků. Určeno odborné i široké veřejnosti.

• MeSH
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• lékařství MeSH
• papír dějiny   MeSH
• příprava léků MeSH
• rukopisy lékařské jako téma MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• Publikační typ
• monografie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• starověký Egypt MeSH

• Konspekt
• Lékařské vědy. Lékařství
• Rukopisy, prvotisky, staré tisky. Vzácná a pozoruhodná díla
• NLK Obory
• dějiny lékařství
• NLK Publikační typ
• faksimile

Carbamazepine is an antiepileptic drug with a narrow therapeutic index, which requires an efficient method for blood level monitoring. Finger-prick dried blood spot (DBS) collection is an alternative microsampling technique, which is less invasive than conventional venipuncture. Paper-based molecularly imprinted-interpenetrating polymer networks (MI-IPN) were developed as blood collection devices, which allowed for selective on-spot microextraction of carbamazepine from DBS. A hybrid of homogeneous polystyrene and silica gel polymer was synthesized and coated on a Whatman® Grade 1 filter paper. Proteins and other interferences in the blood samples were eliminated by using the MI-IPN collection devices, and the resulting DBS extracts were suitable for direct injection into the capillary electrophoretic instrument. The lower limit of quantitation of 4 μg/mL in capillary blood was achieved by the sweeping-micellar electrokinetic chromatography method using a KCl-containing matrix, which was sufficient for the therapeutic drug monitoring purposes. Method accuracies were in the range of 88.4 ± 4.5% to 94.5 ± 2.7% with RSD values ≤ 5.1%. The developed paper-based MI-IPN provided superior extraction efficiencies (92.2 ± 2.5%) in comparison with commercially available DBS collection cards, i.e., Whatman® 903 protein saver card (59.8 ± 2.8%) and GenCollect™ 2.0 card (47.2 ± 1.4%). The paper-based MI-IPN devices for DBS collection and on-spot extraction were characterized by simple fabrication, low costs, disposability, and reduction in sample preparation steps, and their further developments might open new perspectives in clinical applications, such as in therapeutic drug monitoring. Graphical abstract.

• MeSH
• antikonvulziva krev   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• elektroforéza kapilární metody   MeSH
• karbamazepin krev   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikroextrakce na pevné fázi metody   MeSH
• molekulárně imprintované polymery chemie   MeSH
• monitorování léčiv MeSH
• odběr vzorku krve metody   MeSH
• papír MeSH
• tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• test suché kapky krve metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The study was focused on assessment of potential health risks of paper-based food contact materials (FCMs) in a step-wise approach using three toxicological bioassays in vitro and chemical analyses of migrating contaminants. 3T3 NRU cytotoxicity test showed high sensitivity to detect basal toxicity of FCMs extracts and served as a first-line test for selection of samples for further testing. The reconstructed human intestine model EpiIntestinal showed more realistic tissue response than cell culture monolayer and higher resistance despite prolonged exposure to the selected 6 samples, i.e. negligible decrease of viability and intestinal penetration, nevertheless an increase of IL-8 after exposure to black printed sample extract. Yeast based assays identified weak agonistic/antagonostic activity to human androgen receptor of the black printed sample. In accordance with the biological effects, the targeted LC and GC analytical methods confirmed the presence of high amounts of phthalates, photoinitiators and PAHs that could justify the hazard of the black printed sample. Heavily printed uncoated FCMs are recognized not to be suitable for direct contact with food. The selected bioassays and chemical analyses might be useful tools to detect targeted biological effects of xenobiotics suspected to contribute to human exposure from food.

• MeSH
• androgenní receptory genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• biotest MeSH
• buňky BALB 3T3 MeSH
• cytokiny metabolismus   MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• intestinální absorpce MeSH
• kontaminace potravin MeSH
• kyseliny ftalové analýza   toxicita   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• obaly potravin * MeSH
• papír * MeSH
• polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky analýza   toxicita   MeSH
• receptory pro estrogeny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae genetika   MeSH
• střevní sliznice účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• viabilita buněk účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The objectives of the study were to compare the effects of the composting and the vermicomposting processes on the distribution of particles into three size fractions, and to assess the agrochemical properties of the size fractions of the composts and the vermicomposts. Three different mixtures of biowaste were subjected to two thermophilic pre-composting, and then the mixtures were subsequently subjected to 5months composting and vermicomposting under laboratory conditions. Vermicomposting was able to achieve the finer and more homogeneous final product compared to composting. For compost, the highest portion of the finest fraction was achieved from products which originated from kitchen waste containing used paper, followed by digestate with straw, and finally sewage sludge with garden biowaste. In most cases, compost particles which were less than 5mm exhibited the better agricultural potential than coarser compost. However, agrochemical properties of the finest vermicompost exceeded classical compost.

• MeSH
• biodegradace MeSH
• odpadky - odstraňování metody   MeSH
• odpadní vody chemie   MeSH
• Oligochaeta MeSH
• papír MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• velikost částic MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Materials coming into contact with foodstuffs can transfer some components into the food in quantities hazardous for human health. Compounds contained in wrapping material migrate into food and along with consumed food they are pass to the digestive tract. The aim of the project is to identify health risks caused by consuming contaminated food by humans as well as to eliminate the risks and thus increase the consumers health protection. This project will take advantage of the use of the currently most advanced chromatography and mass spectrometry (Orbitrap) methods. Alternative toxicological methods in vitro on the basis of cell lines and tissue and organ models of human origin will be used to determine the biological impact of chemical compounds and mixtures migrating from packaging materials. Human population exposure and health hazards will be estimated.

Materiály, které přicházejí do styku s potravinami, mohou přenášet své složky do potravin v množstvích, která mohou být nebezpečná pro lidské zdraví. Látky přítomné v obalech migrují do potravin a s konzumovanými potravinami přecházejí do trávicího traktu. Cílem projektu je identifikovat zdravotní rizika z takto kontaminovaných potravin, eliminovat je a tím zvýšit ochranu zdraví spotřebitelů. Navrhovaný projekt bude využívat moderní chromatografické analytické metody ve spojení s hmotnostní spektroskopií pro identifikaci xenobiotik. Toxikologickými metodami in vitro na bázi buněčných, tkáňových a orgánových modelů lidských tkání budou zjišťovány biologické účinky chemických látek a směsí migrujících z materiálu obalů. Následně bude proveden odhad expozice a vyhodnoceno zdravotní riziko.

• MeSH
• balení výrobků MeSH
• bezpečnost potravin MeSH
• biotest MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• kontaminace potravin MeSH
• obaly potravin MeSH
• ochrana spotřebitele MeSH
• papír MeSH
• plynová chromatografie s hmotnostně spektrometrickou detekcí MeSH
• tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• toxikologie MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
• xenobiotika analýza   MeSH
• zásobování potravinami MeSH

• Konspekt
• Potravinářský průmysl
• NLK Obory
• zemědělství a potravinářství
• toxikologie
• chemie, klinická chemie
• hygiena
• NLK Publikační typ
• závěrečné zprávy o řešení grantu IGA MZ ČR

Enzymatic hydrolysis of waste paper is becoming a perspective way to obtain raw material for production of liquid biofuels. Reducing sugars solutions that arise from the process of saccharification are a precursors for following or simultaneous fermentation to ethanol. Different types of waste paper were evaluated, in terms of composition and usability, in order to select the appropriate type of the waste paper for the enzymatic hydrolysis process. Novozymes® enzymes NS50013 and NS50010 were used in a laboratory scale trials. Technological conditions, which seem to be the most suitable for hydrolysis after testing on cellulose pulp and filter paper, were applied to hydrolysis of widely available waste papers - offset paper, cardboard, recycled paper in two qualities, matte MYsol offset paper and for comparison again on model materials. The highest yields were achieved for the cardboard, which was further tested using various pretreatment combinations in purpose of increasing the hydrolysis yields.

• MeSH
• biopaliva MeSH
• biotechnologie metody   MeSH
• hydrolýza MeSH
• lipasa metabolismus   MeSH
• odpadní produkty * MeSH
• papír * MeSH
• pufry MeSH
• rozpustnost MeSH
• roztoky MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Waste paper belongs to a group of quantitatively the most produced waste types. Enzymatic hydrolysis is becoming a suitable way to treat this type of waste and at the same time, to produce a valuable liquid biofuel, because reducing sugars solutions that are formed during the process of saccharification can be a precursor for following or simultaneous fermentation. If it will be possible to make the enzymatic hydrolysis of the waste paper economically viable, it could serve as one of the new ways to lower the dependence of the transport sector on oil in the future. Only several studies comparing the enzymatic hydrolysis of different waste papers were performed in the past; they are summarized in this manuscript. In our experimental trials, suitable technological conditions for waste paper enzymatic hydrolysis using enzymes from Novozymes® biomass kit: enzymes NS50013 and NS50010 were investigated. The following enzymatic hydrolysis parameters in laboratory scale trials were verified on high cellulose content substrates-filter paper and cellulose pulp: type of buffer, pH, temperature, concentration of the substrate, loading of the enzyme and rate of stirring.

• MeSH
• celulasy chemie   MeSH
• celulosa chemie   MeSH
• hydrolýza MeSH
• odpadky - odstraňování metody   MeSH
• papír * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The authors of this paper report on the changing character of household waste, in the Czech Republic between 1999 and 2009 in households differentiated by their heating methods. The data presented are the result of two projects, financed by the Czech Ministry of Environment, which were undertaken during this time period with the aim of focusing on the waste characterisation and complete analysis of the physicochemical properties of the household waste. In the Czech Republic, the composition of household waste varies significantly between different types of households based on the methods of home heating employed. For the purposes of these studies, the types of homes were divided into three categories - urban, mixed and rural. Some of the biggest differences were found in the quantities of certain subsample categories, especially fine residue (matter smaller than 20 mm), between urban households with central heating and rural households that primarily employ solid fuel such coal or wood. The use of these solid fuels increases the fraction of the finer categories because of the higher presence of ash. Heating values of the residual household waste from the three categories varied very significantly, ranging from 6.8 MJ/kg to 14.2 MJ/kg in 1999 and from 6.8 MJ/kg to 10.5 MJ/kg in 2009 depending on the type of household and season. The same factors affect moisture of residual household waste which varied from 23.2% to 33.3%. The chemical parameters also varied significantly, especially in the quantities of Tl, As, Cr, Zn, Fe and Mn, which were higher in rural households. Because knowledge about the properties of household waste, as well as its physicochemical characteristics, is very important not only for future waste management, but also for the prediction of the behaviour and influence of the waste on the environment as the country continues to streamline its legislation to the European Union's solid waste mandates, the results of these studies were employed by the Czech Ministry of Environment to optimise the national waste management strategy.

• MeSH
• charakteristiky rodiny * MeSH
• Evropská unie MeSH
• městské obyvatelstvo MeSH
• nakládání s odpady metody   MeSH
• papír MeSH
• plastické hmoty MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• těžké kovy analýza   MeSH
• tuhý odpad analýza   MeSH
• uhlí MeSH
• venkovské obyvatelstvo MeSH
• vytápění metody   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH