Surgical approaches in bone surgery have undergone a long evolution over more than 130 years. While a number of publications have been devoted to the history of internal fixation, surgical approaches have remained neglected from this perspective. The development of approaches in musculoskeletal surgery is inextricably linked to four personalities. Theodor Kocher, in 1892, pointed out that descriptions of surgical approaches must be an essential part of surgical textbooks of operative techniques; James Edwin Thompson, in 1918, formulated the basic requirements for the surgical approaches to the skeleton of limbs; Arnold Kirkpatrick Henry published the first textbook of surgical approaches in 1927 and presented the concept of internervous planes in 1945; in the same year, Toufick Nicola created the first comprehensive atlas of surgical approaches to bones and joints of limbs, the pelvis and spine.

• Klíčová slova
• History of internal fixation, History of orthopaedics, Surgical approaches,
• MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ortopedické výkony * dějiny   metody   MeSH
• ortopedie * dějiny   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH

This is a complete English translation of the first book of Ervin Bauer (1890-1938), published in German in 1920. The book outlines the main principles of Bauer's thermodynamic concept of theoretical biology and their applications in physiology and pathology. It contains the fundamental ideas that remain actual and have the potential for further development in modern concepts of the foundations of life and the structure of living matter.

• Klíčová slova
• Bioenergetics, Biological thermodynamics, Biophysics, Ervin Bauer, History of biology, Theoretical biology,
• MeSH
• biologie * dějiny   MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• fyziologie * dějiny   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• patologie * dějiny   MeSH
• přírodní vědy * dějiny   MeSH
• termodynamika MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH

Some scholars consider the Antonine Plague to have been a major disease outbreak in the 2nd century CE that caused a significant decline in the population of the Roman Empire. Although there is currently no molecular evidence of the specific pathogen, literary evidence indicates the parameters of the disease that it caused and how significant the impact on Roman society was. One way to advance the current discussion concerning the Antonine Plague's impact on the Roman Empire's population is to examine the currently available sources and comparatively model the spread of different pathogens in a specific location with known demographic data for the relevant period. To accomplish this, we developed a series of dynamic ordinary differential equation models of the spread of disease in Rome between 165 and 189 CE for several pathogens. We found that daily disease deaths in the final years of the pandemic were inconsistent with estimates reported in primary sources, suggesting that either (a) the impact of the Antonine Plague may have been exaggerated in the descriptions of ancient authors, or (b) the daily deaths in ca. 189 CE were caused by a different disease event than the Antonine Plague, or (c) seasonality might have been a significant factor changing the intensity of disease spread, with the population more severely affected during the winter months. Although none of the pathogens we analyzed emerged as the likely causative agent of the Antonine Plague, the models show that the overall mortality rate would have increased maximally by 7%. This result contradicts the mortality rate accepted by historians who defend the thesis of the significant impact of this epidemic on the demography of the Roman Empire.

• MeSH
• dějiny 17. století MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• epidemický výskyt choroby dějiny   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mor * epidemiologie   dějiny   mortalita   MeSH
• římská říše dějiny   MeSH
• teoretické modely * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 17. století MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Řím epidemiologie   MeSH

INTRODUCTION: During 280 years of studies of the anatomy of the distal tibiofibular articulation, there have arisen many unclear issues regarding the description of individual structures and their terminology. These historical inaccuracies were subsequently reflected in the clinical practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search of original publications and historical sources was performed. RESULTS: The distal tibiofibular articulation is a synovial joint, rather than a syndesmosis, as it is an integral part of the ankle joint. The interosseous tibiofibular ligament (ITFL), described for the first time by a French anatomist Bichat in 1801, is the strongest ligament of the tibiofibular mortise. Unfortunately, this clinically important ligament is not recognized by the current international anatomical nomenclature. The terms anterior inferior (AITFL) and posterior inferior tibiofibular ligaments (PITFL) are historical remnants "reimported" from the American/British literature and should not be used, because the analogous superior ligaments do not exist. The intermalleolar ligament, first described by Weitbrecht in 1742, is a variable, but constant, structure reinforcing the posterior capsule of the ankle joint. The term inferior transverse ligament (IFT) denoting in the English literature the inferior part of the posterior tibiofibular ligament was originally used for the intermalleolar ligament. The IFT ligament is a part of the posterior tibiofibular ligament and there is no reason to stress its importance. CONCLUSION: The chaos in the anatomy, terminology and depiction of the articulation of the distal tibia and fibula, unparalleled in any other joint of the human body, is the result of historical development. A certain negative role was, in this respect, played also by Basiliensia Nomina Anatomica (1895), that eradicated ITFL and called the distal tibiofibular joint a syndesmosis.

• Klíčová slova
• Ankle joint, History, Interosseous tibiofibular ligament, Tibiofibular mortise, Tibiofibular syndesmosis,
• MeSH
• dějiny 18. století MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• fibula * anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• hlezenní kloub * anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• klinická relevance MeSH
• kloubní ligamenta * anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• terminologie jako téma MeSH
• tibie * anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 18. století MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Franz Kafka (1883-1924) was a novelist from what is now the Czech Republic, and is one of the figures who symbolize modern world literature. Although his works are more than 100 years old, Kafka displays amazing foresight regarding modern society; his writing portrays many original and unusual settings with extremely realistic expressions of individuals who find themselves in solitude caught in a huge inhuman system that typifies the current society. In this report, I discuss the association between such originality and Kafka's solitary interiority from a neuroscientific perspective.

• MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurovědy * dějiny   MeSH
• novodobá literatura dějiny   MeSH
• významné osobnosti MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Tomáš Šídlo, a Czech physician active in Vienna in the second half of the 19th century, is among the less researched figures in Czech medicine. He was born in 1839 in Strážovice, in Western Bohemia, studied medicine at the Vienna Medical-Surgical Academy, where he earned his doctorate in general medicine in 1866. He specialized in laryngology and later also qualified in this field. He published works in Czech and German on diphtheria, stenosing respiratory diseases, and voice disorders. After serving in the military, he moved to civilian practice in 1889 and earned an excellent reputation as a general practitioner.

• Klíčová slova
• Tomáš Šídlo, Czech, larnygologist, Vienna, history,
• MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• otorinolaryngologie * dějiny   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Rakousko MeSH

Autopsies have played a crucial role in human medicine, forming a key foundation of medical knowledge. These final medical-anatomical procedures remain irreplaceable, shedding light on diagnoses, optimizing treatments, preventing disease spread, educating healthcare professionals, and influencing state jurisdiction. Despite the decline in the number of autopsies performed in recent decades, their medical-social significance remains essentially unchanged. Even today, autopsies contribute indispensably to the advancement of medicine and the benefit of society as a whole. Correspondence address: Veronika Rybárová, MD, PhD Department of Forensic Medicine and Medicolegal Expertise Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava University Hospital Kollárova 2, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic tel.: +421434132770 e-mail: veronika.rybarova@uniba.sk Delivered: July 17, 2024 Accepted: August 17, 2024 * Toto je miesto kde sa smrť raduje pomáhajúc životu….

• Klíčová slova
• Autopsy, anatomical autopsy, clinical autopsy, forensic autopsy, history of autopsies, research, significance of autopsies,
• MeSH
• dějiny 18. století MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pitva * MeSH
• soudní lékařství dějiny   metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 18. století MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika MeSH

Shaped by advances in scientific instrumentation and experimental techniques, the concept of antibody has undergone profound transformations throughout the history of immunology. Serological assays, separation techniques, protein fragmentation techniques, molecular biology techniques, and other methodological innovations did not only serve to produce data on the structure and function of these molecules but, by framing antibodies into a unique facet of experimental investigation, were effectively redefining and reconceptualizing these molecules for the scientific community. The characteristics and properties of antibodies observed in experimental settings were often directly extrapolated to their presumed nature in living organisms, as exemplified by the literal identification of antibodies with a gamma electrophoretic fraction in the 1930s. Stemming from parallel advances in related fields such as molecular biology and biochemistry, the introduction of novel techniques was driving shifts in the field of immunology, establishing novel frameworks of theoretical conceptualization and understanding. Technological innovation in experimental techniques continues to shape our view of these molecules, driving progress in both basic immunology and therapeutic applications.

• Klíčová slova
• antibodies, conceptual change, history of science, philosophy of science, scientific instruments, technology,
• MeSH
• alergologie a imunologie dějiny   MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• protilátky * imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• protilátky * MeSH

The jet stream is an important dynamic driver of climate variability in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes1-3. Modern variability in the position of summer jet stream latitude in the North Atlantic-European sector (EU JSL) promotes dipole patterns in air pressure, temperature, precipitation and drought between northwestern and southeastern Europe. EU JSL variability and its impacts on regional climatic extremes and societal events are poorly understood, particularly before anthropogenic warming. Based on three temperature-sensitive European tree-ring records, we develop a reconstruction of interannual summer EU JSL variability over the period 1300-2004 CE (R2 = 38.5%) and compare it to independent historical documented climatic and societal records, such as grape harvest, grain prices, plagues and human mortality. Here we show contrasting summer climate extremes associated with EU JSL variability back to 1300 CE as well as biophysical, economic and human demographic impacts, including wildfires and epidemics. In light of projections for altered jet stream behaviour and intensified climate extremes, our findings underscore the importance of considering EU JSL variability when evaluating amplified future climate risk.

• MeSH
• atmosférický tlak MeSH
• dějiny 15. století MeSH
• dějiny 16. století MeSH
• dějiny 17. století MeSH
• dějiny 18. století MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• dějiny středověku MeSH
• déšť MeSH
• epidemie dějiny   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• jedlá semena ekonomika   dějiny   zásobování a distribuce   MeSH
• klimatické změny statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mortalita dějiny   MeSH
• nadmořská výška * MeSH
• období sucha dějiny   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• pěstování plodin * dějiny   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• podnebí * MeSH
• požáry v divočině dějiny   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• stromy růst a vývoj   MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• Vitis MeSH
• vítr * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 15. století MeSH
• dějiny 16. století MeSH
• dějiny 17. století MeSH
• dějiny 18. století MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• dějiny středověku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

INTRODUCTION: The Hueter-Volkmann law (HVL) of the response of growth plate to compression load is a basic concept in orthopaedics. However, little is known about the origin of HVL and its history. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search was performed in original publications and historical sources. RESULTS: An analysis of all Volkmann´s and Hueter´s texts has shown that none of their publications was based on experiments, but on the data in the literature and their own clinical observations. They did not deal at all with the effect of pressure on the growth plate and mentioned this structure only marginally. The authors coined the opinion that increased pressure retards and decreased pressure accelerates bone growth. Julius Wolff criticized the HVL and concentrated all his arguments in the book "The law of bone remodeling". According to him, increased pressure leads to bone formation, decreased pressure to its resorption. The Wolff-Volkmann dispute was addressed in the German literature by a number of authors. Walther Müller in his monograph "The normal and pathological physiology of the bone" criticized Wolff for his concept of interstitial bone growth. In Müller´s view, HVL applies to the growing bone and Wolff confuses growth with hypertrophy of the mature bone. CONCLUSION: The circumstances of the emergence of HVL are inaccurately and incompletely described in the current literature, as they are mostly taken from secondary sources. HVL, as it is presented today, is not the original formulation, but the result of a long historical evolution.

• Klíčová slova
• Bone growth, History, Hueter-Volkmann law, Physis, Wollf law,
• MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ortopedie * dějiny   MeSH
• remodelace kosti fyziologie   MeSH
• růstová ploténka * fyziologie   MeSH
• vývoj kostí fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH