BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal diseases in weaned piglets are a frequent cause of high morbidity and mortality in domestic pigs. The use of antibiotics is problematic due to increasing antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations, for which reason the use of suitable probiotics is highly recommended to maintain animal health and welfare. RESULTS: In this study, 57 strains of biologically safe lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and bifidobacteria originating from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of pigs were identified and characterized in terms of their probiotic properties for potential use in weaned piglets. These strains were divided into two sets based on their origin - from the GIT of wild boars (n = 41) and from the GIT of domestic pigs (n = 16). Strains obtained from wild boars exhibited greater taxonomic diversity compared to isolates from domestic pigs. While searching for coding sequences (CDS) encoding bacteriocins and bile salt hydrolases (BSH), no significant difference was detected between the two tested groups. On the other hand, CDS encoding adhesinlike factors were more frequent in the dataset isolated from wild boars than in the dataset obtained from domestic pigs. Moreover, more CDS encoding carbohydrateactive enzymes (CAZymes) were carried in the genomes of strains obtained from wild boars. Utilization of important selected carbohydrate substrates, such as starch, D-raffinose, D-mannose, Dcellobiose and gentiobiose, was confirmed by API testing. Antimicrobial activity against at least one of the five tested pathogens was found in 51% of wild boar strains but in none of the isolates from domestic pigs. CONCLUSION: This suggests that the intestinal microbiota of wild boars could serve as a promising source of probiotics for domestic pigs.

• Klíčová slova
• Antimicrobial activity, CAZymes, Carbohydrate utilization, Domestic pigs, Probiotics, Wild boars,
• MeSH
• amidohydrolasy MeSH
• bakteriociny genetika   MeSH
• Bifidobacterium * genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• divoká zvířata mikrobiologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• gastrointestinální trakt mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Lactobacillales * genetika   izolace a purifikace   klasifikace   MeSH
• odstavení * MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• probiotika * MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra MeSH
• Sus scrofa mikrobiologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• amidohydrolasy MeSH
• bakteriociny MeSH
• choloylglycine hydrolase MeSH Prohlížeč

Health effects of vegan diets among children and adolescents are a controversial public health topic. Thus, the aim of the present systematic review is to evaluate a broad range of health outcomes among vegan children and adolescents aged 0 to 18 years. 18 studies met the inclusion criteria (17 cross-sectional, 1 RCT). Meta-analyses showed lower protein, calcium, vitamin B2, saturated fatty acid, and cholesterol intakes, and lower ferritin, HDL and LDL levels as well as height in vegan compared to omnivorous children/adolescents. Higher intakes of carbohydrates, polyunsaturated fatty acids, fiber, folate, vitamins C and E, magnesium, iron, and potassium were observed in vegans. Blood levels of vitamin B12 were higher among vegan children due to supplement use. Single study results suggested further differences between vegan and non-vegan children, such as lower bone mineral content or urinary iodine among vegan children. Risk of Bias was rated as high or very high in 7 out of 18 studies. The certainty of evidence for the meta-analyses was low (n = 2) or very low (n = 46). Overall, the available evidence points to both risks and benefits associated with a vegan diet among children, although more and better designed studies are needed.

• Klíčová slova
• Systematic review, children, health, meta-analysis, vegan diet,
• MeSH
• dieta veganská * MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• fyziologie výživy dětí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• nutriční stav MeSH
• potravní doplňky MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• metaanalýza MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potential of compound-specific isotope analysis of amino acids (CSIA-AA) for investigating infant feeding practices, we conducted a long-term study that compared infant and maternal amino acid (AA) nitrogen isotope ratios. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fingernail samples were collected from a single mother-infant dyad over 19 months postpartum. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios were measured in the bulk keratin of the fingernail samples. Selected samples were then hydrolyzed and derivatized for compound-specific nitrogen isotope analysis of keratin AAs. RESULTS: As in previous studies, infant bulk keratin nitrogen isotope values increased during exclusive breastfeeding and fell with the introduction of complementary foods and eventual cessation of breastfeeding. Infant trophic AAs had elevated nitrogen isotope values relative to the mother, while the source AAs were similar between the mother and infant. Proline and threonine appeared to track the presence of human milk in the infant's diet as the isotopic composition of these AAs remained offset from maternal isotope values until the cessation of breastfeeding. DISCUSSION: Although CSIA-AA is costly and labor intensive, it appears to hold potential for estimating the duration of breastfeeding, even after the introduction of complementary foods. Through the analysis of a full suite of AAs, it may also yield insights into infant physiology and AA synthesis.

• Klíčová slova
• amino acids, breastfeeding, fingernails, nitrogen, weaning,
• MeSH
• aminokyseliny * analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• izotopy dusíku * analýza   MeSH
• izotopy uhlíku * analýza   MeSH
• keratiny * chemie   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• kojení * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mateřské mléko chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• nehty * chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aminokyseliny * MeSH
• izotopy dusíku * MeSH
• izotopy uhlíku * MeSH
• keratiny * MeSH

The recent World Health Organization (WHO) guideline aims to provide evidence-based recommendations on complementary feeding (CF) of healthy term infants and young children 6-23 months living in low-, middle-, and high-income countries, including both breastfed and non-breastfed children. Like WHO, our organizations aim to promote optimal infant and young child nutrition and health, with a focus on promoting breastfeeding as well as appropriate and timely CF. In this paper, we share our concerns about aspects of the guideline, some of which may have the potential to cause unintended harm in infants and young children and suggest alternative or modified proposals.

• Klíčová slova
• animal milk, breastfeeding, complementary foods, food allergy, recommendation,
• MeSH
• fyziologie výživy kojenců * MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• kojení * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• směrnice pro lékařskou praxi jako téma MeSH
• Světová zdravotnická organizace * MeSH
• výživová politika MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune disorder caused by a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The main goal of our case-control study was to analyse the association of environmental factors with the odds of CD development in a sample of the Slovak population. METHODS: Data were collected from 1,226 respondents (534 CD patients and 692 controls) by a questionnaire. The impact of analysed parameters on the chance of disease development was assessed by multiple regression analysis and expressed as odds ratios (OR). Values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: In the patient group, celiac disease was significantly more prevalent in women than in men (OR = 1.52, p = 0.010). Respondents with a positive family history of CD showed 2.9-fold higher odds of CD compared to others (p < 0.001), and respondents with coexisting autoimmune diseases had 2.6-fold higher odds of CD (p < 0.001). Subjects who had taken antibiotics at least three times a year during childhood had 1.95-fold higher odds of developing CD compared to those who took them less frequently or not at all (p = 0.022). Conversely, individuals who were breastfed in infancy had lower odds of CD compared to non-breastfed respondents (OR = 0.53, p < 0.001). The mode of delivery (vaginal vs. caesarean section), overcoming severe infections, and the timing of gluten introduction in childhood did not show a statistically significant effect on the odds of developing CD. CONCLUSION: Based on our data, being female, having a positive family history of CD, suffering from another autoimmune disease, and frequent use of antibiotics are factors associated with an increased chance of developing CD. On the other hand, breastfeeding in infancy seems to have a protective effect. Our findings highlight the importance of further research in understanding the complexities of this autoimmune condition and providing a foundation for prevention strategies.

• Klíčová slova
• autoimmune disease, celiac disease, environmental factor, epidemiological survey, risk factor,
• MeSH
• celiakie * epidemiologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojení statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika epidemiologie   MeSH

OBJECTIVE: To provide additional information on the transport of the new anti-seizure medications lacosamide, perampanel, and zonisamide in breast milk and breastfed infants. METHODS: Between 2013 and 2022, concentrations of anti-seizure medications were measured in six women with epilepsy (each drug in two patients) using high-performance liquid chromatography. Additionally, concentrations were determined after two consecutive pregnancies in women receiving lacosamide and one woman receiving zonisamide. In all cases, anti-seizure medication concentrations were measured in the maternal serum and breast milk, and five cases, in the infant serum. RESULTS: For lacosamide, the ratios of breast milk/maternal serum concentration varied between 0.77 and 0.93, the ratios of infant/maternal serum concentrations were 0.16 and 0.35, and the ratios of infant serum/milk concentrations were 0.21 and 0.38. For perampanel, the ratios of breast milk/maternal serum concentration were 0.01 and 0.10 and the ratio of infant/maternal serum concentration was 0.36. For zonisamide, the ratios of breast milk/maternal serum concentration varied between 0.76 and 1.26, the ratios of infant/maternal serum concentrations between 0.44 and 0.85, and the ratios of infant serum/milk concentrations between 0.55 and 1.05. CONCLUSIONS: Breastfeeding is recommended for women using lacosamide, perampanel, and zonisamide. However, the actual exposure can only be accurately evaluated by determining the serum concentration of anti-seizure medication in breastfed infants.

• Klíčová slova
• Breastfeeding, Concentration, Lacosamide, Monitoring, Perampanel, Zonisamide,
• MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• kojení * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lakosamid MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nitrily * MeSH
• pyridony * MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zonisamid MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• lakosamid MeSH
• nitrily * MeSH
• perampanel MeSH Prohlížeč
• pyridony * MeSH
• zonisamid MeSH

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this implementation project was to improve breastfeeding support, and more specifically, to increase compliance with the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) and the requirements of the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes (the Code). INTRODUCTION: The Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding of the BFHI have been shown to improve breastfeeding outcomes at target hospitals. The Code is a minimum standard for the regulation of marketing practices related to breastfeeding support. METHODS: We used the JBI evidence implementation model to identify a group of stakeholders in a hospital in the Czech Republic and carried out a best practice implementation project from January 2021 to May 2022. After conducting a baseline audit, the clinical team and external breastfeeding experts discussed challenges and devised an implementation plan using the JBI Getting Research into Practice framework. Follow-up audits were undertaken from January to December 2021 and in May 2022. RESULTS: Compliance improved across all audited criteria, namely, to fully comply with the Code (0% to 100%); to have a written infant feeding policy (0% to 100%); to ensure staff have skills to support breastfeeding (0% to 100%); to discuss breastfeeding with pregnant women (0% to 100%); to facilitate skin-to-skin contact (67.86% to 83.58%); to support and provide help with breastfeeding (67.86% to 82.09%); to not provide fluids other than breast milk (50% to 58.21%); to practice rooming-in (57.14% to 61.19%); to respond to infant cues (50% to 64.18%); to provide information about community support services (32.14% to 62.69%); and to coordinate discharge and ongoing care (0% to 100%). CONCLUSIONS: Breastfeeding support requires a sustained long-term effort before it can become fully established. The involvement of national-level policy makers is needed.

• MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• kojení * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• marketing MeSH
• náhražky mléka * MeSH
• nemocnice MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• podpora zdraví MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Breastfeeding brings many benefits to both mother and infant. Although, many women stop breastfeeding their infants too soon. The perceived association between breastfeeding and sleep may influence their decision to terminate breastfeeding. In our systematic review, we focused on mapping the relationship between infant feeding method and total sleep time (TST), number of nocturnal awakenings, awakenings after sleep onset (WASO) of mothers and infants and sleep quality of mothers. We searched four databases according to selected keywords and inclusion criteria - articles published in peer-reviewed journals between 2012 and 2022; English language; a sample consisting of mothers, infants, or both (without psychiatric and health problems); a comparison of the sleep quality of breastfed and formula-fed children or breastfeeding and formula-fed mothers. We read 260 full texts of selected articles. A total of 35 articles were included in this review. Due to significant heterogeneity, meta-analysis was not possible to accomplish. The results are processed according to narrative synthesis. Most studies agree that breastfed infants wake up more often at night. Total sleep time and time spent awake during the night (WASO) did not differ between breastfed and non-breastfed infants. We observed identical results in sleep variables among mothers. Additionally, there was no difference in maternal sleep quality. The synthesis revealed that the results may have differed due to using subjective, objective methods or the infant's age. It is important to remember that night waking is a more complex concept. Infants wake for many reasons, not just due to breastfeeding. The narrative synthesis indicated that the chosen study design, measurement method, the variables, and the infant's age could influence outcomes. In addition, other variables appeared that may affect the entire process. Therefore, we recommend that attention be paid to this in future studies.

• Klíčová slova
• Breastfeeding, Formula feeding, Infant's sleep, Mother's sleep, Night awakening, Sleep quality,
• MeSH
• délka spánku MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• kojení * psychologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• matky psychologie   MeSH
• metody výživy MeSH
• spánek * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH

Previous studies indicated an intrinsic relationship between infant diet, intestinal microbiota composition and fermentation activity with a strong focus on the role of breastfeeding on microbiota composition. Yet, microbially formed short-chain fatty acids acetate, propionate and butyrate and other fermentation metabolites such as lactate not only act as substrate for bacterial cross-feeding and as mediators in microbe-host interactions but also confer antimicrobial activity, which has received considerably less attention in the past research. It was the aim of this study to investigate the nutritional-microbial interactions that contribute to the development of infant gut microbiota with a focus on human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) fermentation. Infant fecal microbiota composition, fermentation metabolites and milk composition were analyzed from 69 mother-infant pairs of the Swiss birth cohort Childhood AlleRgy nutrition and Environment (CARE) at three time points depending on breastfeeding status defined at the age of 4 months, using quantitative microbiota profiling, HPLC-RI and 1H-NMR. We conducted in vitro fermentations in the presence of HMO fermentation metabolites and determined the antimicrobial activity of lactate and acetate against major Clostridiaceae and Peptostreptococcaceae representatives. Our data show that fucosyllactose represented 90% of the HMOs present in breast milk at 1- and 3-months post-partum with fecal accumulation of fucose, 1,2-propanediol and lactate indicating fermentation of HMOs that is likely driven by Bifidobacterium. Concurrently, there was a significantly lower absolute abundance of Peptostreptococcaceae in feces of exclusively breastfed infants at 3 months. In vitro, lactate inhibited strains of Peptostreptococcaceae. Taken together, this study not only identified breastfeeding dependent fecal microbiota and metabolite profiles but suggests that HMO-derived fermentation metabolites might exert an inhibitory effect against selected gut microbes.

• Klíčová slova
• Exclusively breastfeeding, HMO fermentation metabolites, Peptostreptococcaceae, gut microbiota, lactate,
• MeSH
• acetáty metabolismus   MeSH
• antiinfekční látky * metabolismus   MeSH
• Clostridiales metabolismus   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• feces mikrobiologie   MeSH
• fermentace MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• kojení MeSH
• kyselina mléčná metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mateřské mléko chemie   MeSH
• oligosacharidy metabolismus   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• acetáty MeSH
• antiinfekční látky * MeSH
• kyselina mléčná MeSH
• oligosacharidy MeSH

OBJECTIVE: To analyze respiratory problems of full term newborn babies during their first hours of life, compare parameters related to the length of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in-patient stay, and discuss perinatal care practices, which could prevent consequences, and/or reduce associated costs of NICU hospitalization. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective chart review between July 31st 2017 and March 2nd 2018 in a tertiary maternity hospital. Chi-square testing analyzed qualitative data. Mann-Whitney test was used for quantitative variables. Multiple linear regression models determined odds ratios for associations were found to be significant in univariate analyses. RESULTS: 86 babies with respiratory problems were studied. Delivery mode was vaginal in 11.6% and caesarean section in 88.4% of newborns. About 52.3% of admitted newborns had transient tachypnea and improved relatively quickly. Newborns resuscitated in (P = 0.004) or admitted to the NICU from the delivery room (P = 0.000) displayed greater need for O2 administration. Twenty neonates were intubated; 16 of them were administered surfactant. Infection (P < 0.05), abnormal chest x-ray (P = 0.022), and the severity of respiratory system morbidity (P < 0.05) prolonged neonatal in-patient stay. Respiratory problems (P = 0.003) and intubation (P = 0.032) incurred greater hospitalization costs. Breastfeeding initiation before the 3rd day of life (P = 0.031), and O2 administration for more than 72 h (P = 0.036) were significantly associated with the length of in-patient stay in the multivariate regression analysis. CONCLUSION: Mandating the presence of a pediatrician in the delivery room would optimize justified direct NICU admissions and reduce the possibility of delayed diagnosis of respiratory distress during rooming-in. NICU in-patient stay in full term neonates should be based on combining diagnostic markers of sepsis, such as procalcitonin or interleukin-6. A specific protocol regarding surfactant administration in intubated full term infants is also necessary. The severity of respiratory system morbidity is not the key determinant of infant feeding. Maternal information regarding infant health and breastfeeding abilities may improve breastfeeding rates.

• Klíčová slova
• NICU, distress, new-born child, newborn, respiratory, tachypnea,
• MeSH
• císařský řez * MeSH
• hospitalizace MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• kojení * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• porodnice MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH