The mammalian body possesses remarkable adaptability to cold exposure, involving intricate adjustments in cellular metabolism, ultimately leading to thermogenesis. However, cold-induced stress can impact immune response, primarily through noradrenaline-mediated pathways. In our study, we utilized a rat model subjected to short-term or long-term mild cold exposure to investigate systemic immune response during the cold acclimation. To provide human relevance, we included a group of regular cold swimmers in our study. Our research revealed complex relationship between cold exposure, neural signaling, immune response, and thermogenic regulation. One-day cold exposure triggered stress response, including cytokine production in white adipose tissue, subsequently activating brown adipose tissue, and inducing thermogenesis. We further studied systemic immune response, including the proportion of leukocytes and cytokines production. Interestingly, γδ T cells emerged as possible regulators in the broader systemic response, suggesting their possible contribution in the dynamic process of cold adaptation. We employed RNA-seq to gain further insights into the mechanisms by which γδ T cells participate in the response to cold. Additionally, we challenged rats exposed to cold with the Toll-like receptor 2 agonist, showing significant modulation of immune response. These findings significantly contribute to understanding of the physiological acclimation that occur in response to cold exposure.

• Klíčová slova
• Cold exposure, Cytokines, Immune response, TLR2, γδ T cells,
• MeSH
• aklimatizace imunologie   MeSH
• cytokiny metabolismus   MeSH
• hnědá tuková tkáň imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nízká teplota * MeSH
• receptory antigenů T-buněk gama-delta imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• T-lymfocyty imunologie   MeSH
• termogeneze imunologie   MeSH
• toll-like receptor 2 * metabolismus   genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• zánět * imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cytokiny MeSH
• receptory antigenů T-buněk gama-delta MeSH
• Tlr2 protein, rat MeSH Prohlížeč
• toll-like receptor 2 * MeSH

Candida albicans can enhance the invasion of oral epithelial cells by Porphyromonas gingivalis, although the fungus is not a periodontal pathogen. In this study, we investigated whether C. albicans augments proinflammatory cytokine production by mouse macrophage-like J774.1 cells incubated with synthetic bacterial components. Mouse macrophage-like J774.1 cells, mouse primary splenocytes, human THP-1 cells, and A549 cells were pretreated with or without heat-killed C. albicans (HKCA) or substitutes for C. albicans cell wall components in 96-well flat-bottomed plates. Cells were then washed and incubated with Pam3CSK4, a Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 ligand, or lipid A, a TLR4 ligand. Culture supernatants were analyzed by ELISA for secreted IL-6, MCP-1, TNF-α, and IL-8. HKCA augmented TLR ligand-induced proinflammatory cytokine production by J774.1 cells, mouse splenocytes, and THP-1 cells, but not A549 cells. However, IL-6, MCP-1, and TNF-α production induced by Pam3CSK4 or lipid A was not augmented when cells were pretreated with curdlan, a dectin-1 ligand, or mannan, a dectin-2 ligand. In contrast, pretreatment of cells with TLR ligands upregulated the production of IL-6 and TNF-α, but not MCP-1, induced by Pam3CSK4 or lipid A. The results suggest that C. albicans augments synthetic bacterial component-induced cytokine production by J774.1 cells via the TLR pathway, but not the dectin-1 or dectin-2 pathway.

• MeSH
• buněčné linie MeSH
• Candida albicans chemie   fyziologie   MeSH
• cytokiny genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• infekce bakteriemi čeledi Bacteroidaceae genetika   imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• interleukin-6 genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• lektiny typu C genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• makrofágy imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• Porphyromonas gingivalis chemie   fyziologie   MeSH
• TNF-alfa genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• toll-like receptor 2 genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• vysoká teplota MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cytokiny MeSH
• dectin 1 MeSH Prohlížeč
• interleukin-6 MeSH
• lektiny typu C MeSH
• TNF-alfa MeSH
• toll-like receptor 2 MeSH

The past two decades have seen a worldwide resurgence in infections caused by Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum, the syphilis spirochete. The well-recognized capacity of the syphilis spirochete for early dissemination and immune evasion has earned it the designation 'the stealth pathogen'. Despite the many hurdles to studying syphilis pathogenesis, most notably the inability to culture and to genetically manipulate T. pallidum, in recent years, considerable progress has been made in elucidating the structural, physiological, and regulatory facets of T. pallidum pathogenicity. In this Review, we integrate this eclectic body of information to garner fresh insights into the highly successful parasitic lifestyles of the syphilis spirochete and related pathogenic treponemes.

• MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• genomika MeSH
• imunitní únik * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• proteiny vnější bakteriální membrány genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• sekvenční seřazení MeSH
• syfilis imunologie   mikrobiologie   přenos   MeSH
• toll-like receptor 2 imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• Treponema pallidum genetika   imunologie   patogenita   fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bakteriální proteiny MeSH
• proteiny vnější bakteriální membrány MeSH
• toll-like receptor 2 MeSH

Increasing numbers of clinical trials and animal experiments have shown that probiotic bacteria are promising tools for allergy prevention. Here, we analyzed the immunomodulatory properties of three selected lactobacillus strains and the impact of their mixture on allergic sensitization to Bet v 1 using a gnotobiotic mouse model. We showed that Lactobacillus (L.) rhamnosus LOCK0900, L. rhamnosus LOCK0908 and L. casei LOCK0919 are recognized via Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) receptors and stimulate bone marrow-derived dendritic cells to produce cytokines in species- and strain-dependent manners. Colonization of germ-free (GF) mice with a mixture of all three strains (Lmix) improved the intestinal barrier by strengthening the apical junctional complexes of enterocytes and restoring the structures of microfilaments extending into the terminal web. Mice colonized with Lmix and sensitized to the Bet v 1 allergen showed significantly lower levels of allergen-specific IgE, IgG1 and IgG2a and an elevated total IgA level in the sera and intestinal lavages as well as an increased transforming growth factor (TGF)-β level compared with the sensitized GF mice. Splenocytes and mesenteric lymph node cells from the Lmix-colonized mice showed the significant upregulation of TGF-β after in vitro stimulation with Bet v 1. Our results show that Lmix colonization improved the gut epithelial barrier and reduced allergic sensitization to Bet v 1. Furthermore, these findings were accompanied by the increased production of circulating and secretory IgA and the regulatory cytokine TGF-β. Thus, this mixture of three lactobacillus strains shows potential for use in the prevention of increased gut permeability and the onset of allergies in humans.

• MeSH
• alergie imunologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• antigeny rostlinné toxicita   MeSH
• gnotobiologické modely imunologie   MeSH
• HEK293 buňky MeSH
• imunoglobulin A imunologie   MeSH
• imunoglobulin G imunologie   MeSH
• Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus imunologie   MeSH
• Lactobacillus casei imunologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
• myši MeSH
• signální adaptorový protein Nod2 imunologie   MeSH
• střevní sliznice imunologie   MeSH
• toll-like receptor 2 imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny rostlinné MeSH
• Bet v 1 allergen, Betula MeSH Prohlížeč
• imunoglobulin A MeSH
• imunoglobulin G MeSH
• NOD2 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• Nod2 protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
• signální adaptorový protein Nod2 MeSH
• TLR2 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• Tlr2 protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
• toll-like receptor 2 MeSH

Mammalian TLRs in adult animals serve indispensable functions in establishing innate and adaptive immunity and contributing to the homeostasis of surrounding tissues. However, the expression and function of TLRs during mammalian embryonic development has not been studied so far. Here, we show that CD45(+) CD11b(+) F4/80(+) macrophages from 10.5-day embryo (E10.5) co-express TLRs and CD14. These macrophages, which have the capability to engulf both apoptotic cells and bacteria, secrete a broad spectrum of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines upon TLR stimulation, demonstrating that their TLRs are functional. Comparative microarray analysis revealed an additional set of genes that were significantly upregulated in E10.5 TLR2(+) CD11b(+) macrophages. This analysis, together with our genetic, microscopic, and biochemical evidence, showed that embryonic phagocytes express protein machinery that is essential for the recycling of cellular iron and that this expression can be regulated by TLR engagement in a MyD88-dependent manner, leading to typical inflammatory M1 responses. These results characterize the utility of TLRs as suitable markers for early embryonic phagocytes as well as molecular triggers of cellular responses, the latter being demonstrated by the involvement of TLRs in an inflammation-mediated regulation of embryonic homeostasis via iron metabolism.

• Klíčová slova
• Embryonic macrophages, Ferroportin, Gene expression microarray, Iron metabolism, TLR stimulation,
• MeSH
• diferenciační antigeny genetika   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• embryo savčí cytologie   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• makrofágy cytologie   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• myeloidní diferenciační faktor 88 genetika   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• myši knockoutované MeSH
• myši MeSH
• signální transdukce fyziologie   MeSH
• toll-like receptor 2 genetika   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• vývojová regulace genové exprese genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• zánět genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• železo imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• diferenciační antigeny MeSH
• Myd88 protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
• myeloidní diferenciační faktor 88 MeSH
• Tlr2 protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
• toll-like receptor 2 MeSH
• železo MeSH

Celiac disease (CD) is a gluten-responsive, chronic inflammatory enteropathy. IL-1 cytokine family members IL-1β and IL-18 have been associated with the inflammatory conditions in CD patients. However, the mechanisms of IL-1 molecule activation in CD have not yet been elucidated. We show in this study that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and monocytes from celiac patients responded to pepsin digest of wheat gliadin fraction (PDWGF) by a robust secretion of IL-1β and IL-1α and a slightly elevated production of IL-18. The analysis of the upstream mechanisms underlying PDWGF-induced IL-1β production in celiac PBMC show that PDWGF-induced de novo pro-IL-1β synthesis, followed by a caspase-1 dependent processing and the secretion of mature IL-1β. This was promoted by K+ efflux and oxidative stress, and was independent of P2X7 receptor signaling. The PDWGF-induced IL-1β release was dependent on Nod-like receptor family containing pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) and apoptosis-associated speck like protein (ASC) as shown by stimulation of bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDC) from NLRP3(-/-) and ASC(-/-) knockout mice. Moreover, treatment of human PBMC as well as MyD88(-/-) and Toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon-β (TRIF)(-/-) BMDC illustrated that prior to the activation of caspase-1, the PDWGF-triggered signal constitutes the activation of the MyD88/TRIF/MAPK/NF-κB pathway. Moreover, our results indicate that the combined action of TLR2 and TLR4 may be required for optimal induction of IL-1β in response to PDWGF. Thus, innate immune pathways, such as TLR2/4/MyD88/TRIF/MAPK/NF-κB and an NLRP3 inflammasome activation are involved in wheat proteins signaling and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of CD.

• MeSH
• adaptorové proteiny vezikulární transportní genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• celiakie MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• gliadin chemie   imunologie   MeSH
• inflamasomy účinky léků   genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• interleukin-1beta genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• leukocyty mononukleární účinky léků   imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mitogenem aktivované proteinkinasy genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• myeloidní diferenciační faktor 88 genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• myši knockoutované MeSH
• myši MeSH
• pepsin A MeSH
• peptidové fragmenty farmakologie   MeSH
• primární buněčná kultura MeSH
• protein NLRP3 MeSH
• regulace genové exprese účinky léků   imunologie   MeSH
• signální transdukce účinky léků   genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• toll-like receptor 2 genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• toll-like receptor 4 genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• transportní proteiny genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adaptorové proteiny vezikulární transportní MeSH
• gliadin MeSH
• inflamasomy MeSH
• interleukin-1beta MeSH
• mitogenem aktivované proteinkinasy MeSH
• MYD88 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• myeloidní diferenciační faktor 88 MeSH
• NLRP3 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• pepsin A MeSH
• peptidové fragmenty MeSH
• protein NLRP3 MeSH
• TICAM1 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• TLR2 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• TLR4 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• toll-like receptor 2 MeSH
• toll-like receptor 4 MeSH
• transportní proteiny MeSH

Dendritic cells are a sentinel in defending against pathogens and tick saliva facilitates transmission of tick-borne pathogens by modulating the host immune response. The maturation of dendritic cells is inhibited by tick saliva. To elucidate the mechanism of this inhibition, we tested the impact of Ixodes ricinus tick saliva on signalling pathways activated by Toll-like receptor (TLR-2) ligand and Borrelia afzelii in spleen dendritic cells. The activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathways was decreased by tick saliva upon both TLR-2 and Borrelia stimulation. Among the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), the activation of extracellular matrix-regulated kinase (Erk1/2) was suppressed by tick saliva, but not p38. In response to spirochaetes, the amount of TNF-α decreased in the presence of tick saliva which was mediated by selective suppression of Erk1/2, NF-κB and Akt as tick saliva mimicked the effect of their specific inhibitors, UO126, IKK-IV and LY294002, respectively. Saliva-induced enhancement of IL-10 was not observed in the presence of specific inhibitor of Protein Kinase A (PKA), H-89, suggesting the involvement of PKA pathway in IL-10 production. Our cumulative data show that tick saliva interferes with several signalling pathways, thus modulating the immune functions of dendritic cells.

• MeSH
• 1-fosfatidylinositol-3-kinasa metabolismus   MeSH
• Borrelia burgdorferi komplex imunologie   MeSH
• dendritické buňky imunologie   MeSH
• imunologické faktory metabolismus   MeSH
• interleukin-10 metabolismus   MeSH
• klíště patogenita   MeSH
• mitogenem aktivované proteinkinasy metabolismus   MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši MeSH
• protoonkogenní proteiny c-akt metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce účinky léků   MeSH
• sliny metabolismus   MeSH
• TNF-alfa metabolismus   MeSH
• toll-like receptor 2 imunologie   MeSH
• transkripční faktor RelA metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 1-fosfatidylinositol-3-kinasa MeSH
• imunologické faktory MeSH
• interleukin-10 MeSH
• mitogenem aktivované proteinkinasy MeSH
• protoonkogenní proteiny c-akt MeSH
• TNF-alfa MeSH
• toll-like receptor 2 MeSH
• transkripční faktor RelA MeSH

Innate immune surveillance in the blood is executed mostly by circulating monocytes, which recognise conserved bacterial molecules such as peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide. Toll-like receptors (TLR) play a central role in microbe-associated molecular pattern detection. Here, we compared the differences in TLR expression and cytokine production after stimulation of peripheral blood cells with heat-killed Gram-negative and Gram-positive human pathogens Neisseria meningitidis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. We found that TLR2 expression is up-regulated on monocytes after stimulation with S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, E. coli and N. meningitidis. Moreover, TLR2 up-regulation was positively associated with increasing concentrations of Gram-positive bacteria, whereas higher concentrations of Gram-negative bacteria, especially E. coli, caused a milder TLR2 expression increase compared with low doses. Cytokines were produced in similar dose-dependent profiles regardless of the stimulatory pathogen; however, Gram-negative pathogens induced higher cytokine levels than Gram-positive ones at same concentrations. These results indicate that Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria differ in their dose-dependent patterns of induction of TLR2 and TLR4, but not in cytokine expression.

• MeSH
• aktivace transkripce MeSH
• cytokiny biosyntéza   MeSH
• gramnegativní bakterie genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• grampozitivní bakterie genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monocyty imunologie   MeSH
• přirozená imunita MeSH
• regulace genové exprese MeSH
• signální transdukce imunologie   MeSH
• toll-like receptor 2 biosyntéza   genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• toll-like receptor 4 biosyntéza   genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cytokiny MeSH
• toll-like receptor 2 MeSH
• toll-like receptor 4 MeSH