Hydroponicaly cultivated plants were grown on medium containing uranium. The appropriate concentrations of uranium for the experiments were selected on the basis of a standard ecotoxicity test. The most sensitive plant species was determined to be Lactuca sativa with an EC(50) value about 0.1mM. Cucumis sativa represented the most resistant plant to uranium (EC(50)=0.71 mM). Therefore, we used the uranium in a concentration range from 0.1 to 1mM. Twenty different plant species were tested in hydroponic solution supplemented by 0.1mM or 0.5mM uranium concentration. The uranium accumulation of these plants varied from 0.16 mg/g DW to 0.011 mg/g DW. The highest uranium uptake was determined for Zea mays and the lowest for Arabidopsis thaliana. The amount of accumulated uranium was strongly influenced by uranium concentration in the cultivation medium. Autoradiography showed that uranium is mainly localized in the root system of the plants tested. Additional experiments demonstrated the possibility of influencing the uranium uptake from the cultivation medium by amendments. Tartaric acid was able to increase uranium uptake by Brassica oleracea and Sinapis alba up to 2.8 times or 1.9 times, respectively. Phosphate deficiency increased uranium uptake up to 4.5 times or 3.9 times, respectively, by Brassica oleracea and S. alba. In the case of deficiency of iron or presence of cadmium ions we did not find any increase in uranium accumulation.

• MeSH
• autoradiografie MeSH
• biodegradace MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• hydroponie MeSH
• kořeny rostlin růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• Magnoliopsida růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• radioaktivní látky znečišťující půdu metabolismus   toxicita   MeSH
• uran metabolismus   toxicita   MeSH
• zemědělské plodiny růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• radioaktivní látky znečišťující půdu MeSH
• uran MeSH

Halophytes display distinctive physiological mechanisms that enable their survival and growth under extreme saline conditions. This makes them potential candidates for their use in saline agriculture. In this research, tomato (Solanum lycopersium Mill.) was cultivated in moderately saline conditions under two different managements involving Arthrocaulon macrostachyum L., a salt accumulator shrub: intercropping, i.e., co-cultivation of tomato/halophyte; and crop rotation, in which tomato is grown where the halophyte was previously cultivated. The effect of these crop managements was evaluated in tomato plants in comparison with tomato in monoculture, with regards to physiological and biochemical variables and metabolomic and proteomic profiles. Both halophyte-based managements reduced soil salinity. Crop rotation enhanced photosynthesis and protective mechanisms at the photosynthetic level. In addition, both crop managements altered the hormone profile and the antioxidant capacity, whereas a reactive oxygen species over-accumulation in leaf tissues indicated the establishment of a controlled mild oxidative stress. However, tomato production remained unchanged. Metabolomic and proteomic approaches suggest complex interactions at the leaf level, driven by the influence of the halophyte. In this regard, an interplay of ROS/lipid-based signalling pathways is proposed. Moreover, improved photosynthesis under crop rotation was associated with accumulation of sugar metabolism-related compounds and photosynthesis-related proteins. Likewise, acylamino acid-releasing enzymes, a class of serine-proteases, remarkably increased under both halophyte-based managements, which may act to modulate the antioxidant capacity of tomato plants. In summary, this work reveals common and distinctive patterns in tomato under intercropping and crop rotation conditions with the halophyte, supporting the use of A. macrostachyum in farming systems.

• MeSH
• fotosyntéza MeSH
• halotolerantní rostliny * metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• listy rostlin metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• metabolomika MeSH
• proteomika MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus   MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• salinita MeSH
• Solanum lycopersicum * metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• zemědělské plodiny MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• reaktivní formy kyslíku MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny MeSH

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is one of the most commonly used genetic transformation method that involves transfer of foreign genes into target plants. Agroinfiltration, an Agrobacterium-based transient approach and the breakthrough discovery of CRISPR/Cas9 holds trending stature to perform targeted and efficient genome editing (GE). The predominant feature of agroinfiltration is the abolishment of Transfer-DNA (T-DNA) integration event to ensure fewer biosafety and regulatory issues besides showcasing the capability to perform transcription and translation efficiently, hence providing a large picture through pilot-scale experiment via transient approach. The direct delivery of recombinant agrobacteria through this approach carrying CRISPR/Cas cassette to knockout the expression of the target gene in the intercellular tissue spaces by physical or vacuum infiltration can simplify the targeted site modification. This review aims to provide information on Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and implementation of agroinfiltration with GE to widen the horizon of targeted genome editing before a stable genome editing approach. This will ease the screening of numerous functions of genes in different plant species with wider applicability in future.

• Klíčová slova
• Agrobacterium, CRISPR/Cas9, genome editing, targeted site modification, transfer-DNA, transgene-free,
• MeSH
• Agrobacterium genetika   MeSH
• CRISPR-Cas systémy * MeSH
• editace genu metody   MeSH
• genom rostlinný * MeSH
• mutageneze MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny genetika   MeSH
• rostliny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• transformace genetická MeSH
• zemědělské plodiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• rostlinné proteiny MeSH

Cytokinins (CKs) are ubiquitous phytohormones that participate in development, morphogenesis and many physiological processes throughout plant kingdom. In higher plants, mutants and transgenic cells and tissues with altered activity of CK metabolic enzymes or perception machinery, have highlighted their crucial involvement in different agriculturally important traits, such as productivity, increased tolerance to various stresses and overall plant morphology. Furthermore, recent precise metabolomic analyses have elucidated the specific occurrence and distinct functions of different CK types in various plant species. Thus, smooth manipulation of active CK levels in a spatial and temporal way could be a very potent tool for plant biotechnology in the future. This review summarises recent advances in cytokinin research ranging from transgenic alteration of CK biosynthetic, degradation and glucosylation activities and CK perception to detailed elucidation of molecular processes, in which CKs work as a trigger in model plants. The first attempts to improve the quality of crop plants, focused on cereals are discussed, together with proposed mechanism of action of the responses involved.

• MeSH
• alkyltransferasy a aryltransferasy metabolismus   MeSH
• cytokininy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• fyziologický stres MeSH
• genetické inženýrství metody   MeSH
• geneticky modifikované rostliny genetika   MeSH
• glykosylace MeSH
• histidinkinasa MeSH
• oxidoreduktasy metabolismus   MeSH
• proteinkinasy metabolismus   MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• zemědělské plodiny genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adenylate isopentenyltransferase MeSH Prohlížeč
• alkyltransferasy a aryltransferasy MeSH
• cytokinin oxidase MeSH Prohlížeč
• cytokininy MeSH
• histidinkinasa MeSH
• oxidoreduktasy MeSH
• proteinkinasy MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny MeSH

Selenium and iodine are essential trace elements for both humans and animals. Among other things, they have an essential role in thyroid function and the production of important hormones by the thyroid gland. Unfortunately, in many areas, soils are deficient in selenium and iodine, and their amount is insufficient to produce crops with adequate contents to cover the recommended daily intake; thus, deficiencies have an endemic character. With the introduction of iodized table salt in the food industry, the thyroid status of the population has improved, but several areas remain iodine deficient. Furthermore, due to the strong relationship between iodine and selenium in metabolic processes, selenium deficiency often compromises the desired positive impact of salt iodization efforts. Therefore, a considerable number of studies have looked for alternative methods for the simultaneous supplementation of selenium and iodine in foodstuff. In most cases, the subject of these studies is crops; recently, meat has also been a subject of interest. This paper reviews the most recent strategies in agriculture to fortify selenium and iodine in crop plants, their effect on the quality of the plant species used, and the potential impact of food processing on their stability in fortified crops.

• Klíčová slova
• biofortification, crops, deficiency, iodine, nutrition, selenium,
• MeSH
• biofortifikace MeSH
• jod * MeSH
• jodidy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• selen * MeSH
• zemědělské plodiny MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• iodized salt MeSH Prohlížeč
• jod * MeSH
• jodidy MeSH
• selen * MeSH

The vast majority of agricultural land undergoes abiotic stress that can significantly reduce agricultural yields. Understanding the mechanisms of plant defenses against stresses and putting this knowledge into practice is, therefore, an integral part of sustainable agriculture. In this review, we focus on current findings in plant resistance to four cardinal abiotic stressors-drought, heat, salinity, and low temperatures. Apart from the description of the newly discovered mechanisms of signaling and resistance to abiotic stress, this review also focuses on the importance of primary and secondary metabolites, including carbohydrates, amino acids, phenolics, and phytohormones. A meta-analysis of transcriptomic studies concerning the model plant Arabidopsis demonstrates the long-observed phenomenon that abiotic stressors induce different signals and effects at the level of gene expression, but genes whose regulation is similar under most stressors can still be traced. The analysis further reveals the transcriptional modulation of Golgi-targeted proteins in response to heat stress. Our analysis also highlights several genes that are similarly regulated under all stress conditions. These genes support the central role of phytohormones in the abiotic stress response, and the importance of some of these in plant resistance has not yet been studied. Finally, this review provides information about the response to abiotic stress in major European crop plants-wheat, sugar beet, maize, potatoes, barley, sunflowers, grapes, rapeseed, tomatoes, and apples.

• Klíčová slova
• abiotic stress, cold stress, crop, drought, heat stress, metabolites, phytohormones, salinity,
• MeSH
• Arabidopsis * genetika   MeSH
• fyziologický stres genetika   MeSH
• pěstování plodin MeSH
• reakce na tepelný šok genetika   MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin * MeSH
• rostliny MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• metaanalýza MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• regulátory růstu rostlin * MeSH

Plant integrity looks like a "very easy and expanded topic," but the reality is totally different. Thanks to the very high specialization of scientists, we are losing a holistic view of plants and are making mistakes in our research due to this drawback. It is necessary to sense a plant in their whole complexity--in both roots and shoot, as well as throughout their life cycles. Only such an integrated approach can allow us to reach correct interpretations of our experimental results.

• Klíčová slova
• desired types of plants, development, growth, plant integrity, roots, seeds,
• MeSH
• chov * MeSH
• kořeny rostlin růst a vývoj   MeSH
• semena rostlinná růst a vývoj   MeSH
• vývoj rostlin MeSH
• výzkum * MeSH
• zemědělské plodiny růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

In order to determine the effect of airborne emissions of trace elements (Co, Cd, Cr, Ni and Zn) from coal-fired power plants on the environment, concentrations were determined in different species of agricultural plants from the local environment (1-15 km radius) and compared with the corresponding concentrations in soils and fallout. The spatial distribution of trace elements in the soil over 7 years did not indicate any significant increased exposure to plants. In agricultural soils exposed to particle fallout produced by the combustion of brown coal, the trace element content changes slowly; it may decrease owing to its removal with the harvesting of crop plants and due to an insufficient supply of fertilizers. Particle fallout from local power plants is too small to change significantly the natural distribution pattern of trace elements in soils and in plant tissues. For monitoring purposes attention should be paid to the leaves and roots of sugar beet and oat seeds in the vicinity of coal-fired power plants.

• MeSH
• chrom analýza   MeSH
• elektrárny * MeSH
• jedlé rostliny analýza   MeSH
• kadmium analýza   MeSH
• kobalt analýza   MeSH
• lipnicovité analýza   MeSH
• nikl analýza   MeSH
• stopové prvky analýza   MeSH
• uhlí * MeSH
• zinek analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chrom MeSH
• kadmium MeSH
• kobalt MeSH
• nikl MeSH
• stopové prvky MeSH
• uhlí * MeSH
• zinek MeSH

Applying biochar has beneficial effects on regulating plant growth by providing water and nutrient availability for plants due to its physicochemical characteristics. Nevertheless, it is still unclear how soil and biochar interactions strengthen crop lodging resistance. The objective of the current study was to find out how soil physicochemical conditions and alterations in biochar affect lodging resistance and crop productivity in cereals. To do this, a meta-analysis was carried out using nine groups of effective variables including type of feedstock, pyrolysis temperature, application rate, soil pH, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, potassium, organic matter (OM), and soil texture. Results showed that straw-derived biochar caused the highest positive effect size in the dry weight of biomass (20.5%) and grain yield (19.9%). Also, the lowest lodging index was observed from straw (-8.3%) and wood-based (-5.6%) biochars. Besides, the high application rate of biochar results in the highest positive effect sizes of plant cellulose (8.1%) and lignin content (7.6%). Soils that contain >20 g kg-1 OM, resulted in the highest positive effect size in dry biomass (27.9%), grain yield (30.2%), and plant height (4.7%). Also, fine-textured soil plays an important role in increasing polymers in the anatomical structure of plants. Overall, the strong connection between biochar and soil processes, particularly the availability of OM, could strengthen plants' ability to tolerate lodging stress and contribute to high nutrient efficiency in terms of crop output and cell wall thickening.

• Klíčová slova
• Biochar amendment, Crop resistance, Crop yield, Lodging index, Meta-analysis,
• MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• dřevěné a živočišné uhlí * MeSH
• půda * chemie   MeSH
• zemědělské plodiny * růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• metaanalýza MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biochar MeSH Prohlížeč
• dřevěné a živočišné uhlí * MeSH
• půda * MeSH

Phenological shifts in wild-growing plants and wild animal phenophases are well documented at many European sites. Less is known about phenological shifts in agricultural plants and how wild ecosystem phenology interacts with crop phenology. Here, we present long-term phenological observations (1961-2021) from the Czech Republic for wild plants and agricultural crops and how the timing of phenophases differs from each other. The phenology of wild-growing plants was observed at various experimental sites with no agriculture or forestry management within the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute observations. The phenological data of the crops were collected from small experimental plots at the Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture. The data clearly show a tendency to shift to earlier times during the observation period. The data also show some asynchrony in phenological shifts. Compared with wild plants, agricultural crops showed more expressive shifts to the start of the season. Phenological trends for crop plants (Triticum aestivum) showed accelerated shifts of 4.1 and 5.1 days per decade at low and middle altitudes, respectively; on the other hand, the average phenological shift for wild plants showed smaller shifts of 2.7 and 2.9 days per decade at low and middle altitudes, respectively. The phenophase ´heading´ of T. aestivum showed the highest correlation with maximum temperatures (r = 0.9), followed by wild species (with r = 0.7-0.8) and two remaining phenophases of T. aestivum jointing and ripening (with r = 0.7 and 0.6). To better understand the impacts of climate on phenological changes, it is optimal to evaluate natural and unaffected plant responses in wild species since the phenology of field crops is most probably influenced not only by climate but also by agricultural management.

• Klíčová slova
• asynchrony, crop plants, phenology, trends, wild plants,
• MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• klimatické změny * MeSH
• nadmořská výška MeSH
• pšenice růst a vývoj   MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• zemědělské plodiny * růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH