Plastic waste pollution is considered one of the biggest problems facing our planet. The production and use of these materials has led to huge amounts of plastic waste entering the aquatic environment and affecting aquatic life. In our experiment, the effect of polystyrene microparticles (PS-MPs; 52.5 ± 11.5 μm) on individual juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was tested at three different dietary concentrations of 0.5, 2 and 5 % for six weeks. At the end of the experiment, various health parameters of exposed organisms were compared with the control group. The haematological profile revealed an immune response by a decrease in lymphocyte count with a concurrent increase in the number of neutrophil segments at the highest concentration of PS-MPs (5 %). Biochemical analysis showed significant reductions in plasma ammonia in all tested groups, which may be related to liver and gill damage, as determined by histopathological examination and analysis of inflammatory cytokines expression. In addition, liver damage can also cause a significant decrease in the plasma protein ceruloplasmin, which is synthesized in the liver. PS-MPs disrupted the antioxidant balance in the caudal kidney, gill and liver, with significant changes observed only at the highest concentration. In summary, PS-MPs negatively affect the health status of freshwater fish and represent a huge burden on aquatic ecosystems.

• Klíčová slova
• Antioxidant capacity, Gene expression, Microplastics, Rainbow trout, Salmonidae, Toxicity,
• MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• mikroplasty * toxicita   MeSH
• plastické hmoty toxicita   MeSH
• polystyreny * toxicita   MeSH
• zdravotní stav MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mikroplasty * MeSH
• plastické hmoty MeSH
• polystyreny * MeSH

One of the main contributors to pharmaceutical pollution of surface waters are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that contaminate the food chain and affect non-target water species. As there are not many studies focusing on toxic effects of NSAIDs on freshwater fish species and specially effects after dietary exposure, we selected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as the ideal model to examine the impact of two NSAIDs - diclofenac (DCF) and ibuprofen (IBP). The aim of our study was to test toxicity of environmentally relevant concentrations of these drugs together with exposure doses of 100× higher, including their mixture; and to deepen knowledge about the mechanism of toxicity of these drugs. This study revealed kidneys as the most affected organ with hyalinosis, an increase in oxidative stress markers, and changes in gene expression of heat shock protein 70 to be signs of renal toxicity. Furthermore, hepatotoxicity was confirmed by histopathological analysis (i.e. dystrophy, congestion, and inflammatory cell increase), change in biochemical markers, increase in heat shock protein 70 mRNA, and by oxidative stress analysis. The gills were locally deformed and showed signs of inflammatory processes and necrotic areas. Given the increase in oxidative stress markers and heat shock protein 70 mRNA, severe impairment of oxygen transport may be one of the toxic pathways of NSAIDs. Regarding the microbiota, an overgrowth of Gram-positive species was detected; in particular, significant dysbiosis in the Fusobacteria/Firmicutes ratio was observed. In conclusion, the changes observed after dietary exposure to NSAIDs can influence the organism homeostasis, induce ROS production, potentiate inflammations, and cause gut dysbiosis. Even the environmentally relevant concentration of NSAIDs pose a risk to the aquatic ecosystem as it changed O. mykiss health parameters and we assume that the toxicity of NSAIDs manifests itself at the level of mitochondria and proteins.

• Klíčová slova
• Diclofenac, Gene expression, Histology, Ibuprofen, Microbiome, Toxicity,
• MeSH
• antiflogistika nesteroidní metabolismus   MeSH
• biologické markery metabolismus   MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu * metabolismus   MeSH
• diklofenak metabolismus   MeSH
• dysbióza MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• epidemický výskyt choroby MeSH
• ibuprofen metabolismus   toxicita   MeSH
• kyslík metabolismus   MeSH
• léčivé přípravky metabolismus   MeSH
• messenger RNA metabolismus   MeSH
• Oncorhynchus mykiss * metabolismus   MeSH
• oxidační stres MeSH
• proteiny tepelného šoku HSP70 metabolismus   MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
• voda metabolismus   MeSH
• zánět chemicky indukované   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antiflogistika nesteroidní MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu * MeSH
• diklofenak MeSH
• ibuprofen MeSH
• kyslík MeSH
• léčivé přípravky MeSH
• messenger RNA MeSH
• proteiny tepelného šoku HSP70 MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku MeSH
• voda MeSH

This review summarises the current knowledge on the effects of microplastics and their additives on organisms living in the aquatic environment, particularly invertebrates and fish. To date, microplastics have been recognised to affect not only the behaviour of aquatic animals but also their proper development, causing variations in fertility, oxidative stress, inflammations and immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and changes in metabolic pathways and gene expression. The ability of microplastics to bind other xenobiotics and cause combined toxicity along side the effect of other agents is also discussed as well. Microplastics are highly recalcitrant materials in both freshwater and marine environments and should be considered extremely toxic to aquatic ecosystems. They are severely problematic from ecological, economic and toxicological standpoints.

• Klíčová slova
• Additives, Bivalves, Microplastics, Nanoplastics, Pollution, Toxicity,
• MeSH
• bezobratlí MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu * analýza   MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• mikroplasty MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• plastické hmoty * toxicita   MeSH
• ryby MeSH
• vodní organismy MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu * MeSH
• mikroplasty MeSH
• plastické hmoty * MeSH

Due to the fact that plastic pollution is a global environmental problem of modern age, studies on the impact of these synthetic materials on aquatic, and especially fish organisms, are an important part of the ecosystem and human nutrition. In our study, the toxicity of pristine polyethylene (PE) microparticles (approx. 50 μm) on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was tested in three different dietary concentrations - 0.5%, 2% and 5%. After six weeks of exposure, various health indices were evaluated. Electron microscopy of the intestine revealed the disintegration of PE particles to <5 μm in size, and thus we concluded that microplastics are able to reach tissues. The haematological profile revealed changes in total red blood cells count and haematocrit (5% PE) which could be associated with spleen congestion observed histologically. The marker of lipid peroxidation was increased in gills suggesting the disruption of balance in antioxidant enzymes capacity and histopathological imaging revealed inflammation in higher PE concentrations. In addition, ammonia was decreased and calcium elevated in biochemical profile, confirming the gill damage. Electron microscopy of the gills showed lesions of lamellae and visible rings around the mucinous cell opening indicating their higher activity. Another injured was the liver tissue, as confirmed by hepatodystrophies and increased expression of pro-inflammatory genes in 2% PE. Impaired innate immunity was confirmed by an increased presence of mucinous cells and a decrease in leukocytes. Kidney damage manifested itself by higher expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and histopathology. The damage in gills, liver and kidney together correlated with the increased antioxidant capacity of plasma. In conclusion, PE microparticles are able to affect health indices of O. mykiss. The potential problem for aquatic ecosystems and even human consumption should be considered.

• Klíčová slova
• Antioxidant capacity, Electron microscopy, Immunity, Plastic, Salmonidae, Toxicology,
• MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Oncorhynchus mykiss * MeSH
• plastické hmoty MeSH
• polyethylen toxicita   MeSH
• žábry MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• plastické hmoty MeSH
• polyethylen MeSH

The growing consumption of pharmaceuticals in the human population and the insufficient efficiency of their elimination in waste water has a long-term negative impact on the environment of aquatic ecosystems, including the organisms that inhabit them. A significant contributor is the consumption of anti-depressants from the SSRI group, which corresponds to their increasing concentration in the environment. The aim of this work was to determine if antidepressant sertraline is able to be stored in fish organisms and to evaluate the content of residues in various body tissues. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchuss mykkis) was selected as the test organism and was artificially exposed to the antidepressant for 1 month (concentrations 0; 4.2; 44 and 400 ng.g-1 sertraline in the feed). Liver, kidney, brain and muscle tissue biopsies samples were taken for analysis. Detection was performed using an Accela 1250 LC pump and an Accela autosampler coupled with a high-performance mass analyzer with a heated electrospray ionization source Q-Exactive Orbitrap, operating in positive ionization mode and in PRM mode (m/z 306.08108->275.03888 and 309.009991->275.03888 for sertraline and internal standard, respectively). The limit of quantification of the method was 0.1 ng.g-1 of sertraline and the calibration curve showed a good linearity up to 20 ng.g-1. From the collected data, amount of residues was found in the liver, kidney and brain. In contrast, the incidence of residues in muscle tissue was not detected in all groups, which is favorable from the point of view of fish meat consumption, by humans.

• MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza   MeSH
• hmotnostní spektrometrie s elektrosprejovou ionizací * MeSH
• obsah radioaktivních látek v organizmu MeSH
• Oncorhynchus mykiss metabolismus   MeSH
• rezidua léčiv analýza   MeSH
• selektivní inhibitory zpětného vychytávání serotoninu analýza   MeSH
• sertralin analýza   MeSH
• tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie * MeSH
• tkáňová distribuce MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
• selektivní inhibitory zpětného vychytávání serotoninu MeSH
• sertralin MeSH

Understanding indirect, trophic-level effects of genetically engineered plants, expressing insecticidal proteins derived from the bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), is essential to the ecological risk assessment process. In this study, we examine potential indirect, trophic-level effects of Bt-sensitive prey using the predator, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), feeding upon Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) larvae, which had delayed development (lower body mass) following ingestion of Cry1Ab maize leaves. We found no adverse effects on development and survival when H. axyridis larvae were fed S. frugiperda larvae that had fed on Cry1Ab maize tissue. Presence of Cry1Ab in H. axyridis decreased considerably after switching to another diet within 48 h. In a no-choice assay, H. axyridis larvae consumed more Bt-fed S. frugiperda than non-Bt-fed larvae. Preference for S. frugiperda feeding on Bt maize was confirmed in subsequent choice assays with H. axyridis predation on Bt-fed, 1-5-d-old S. frugiperda larvae. We suggest that H. axyridis preferred prey, not based on whether it had fed on Bt or non-Bt maize, but rather on larval mass, and they compensated for the nutritional deficiency of lighter larvae through increased consumption. Pest larvae with variable levels of resistance developing on Bt diet are often stunted versus sensitive larvae developing on non-Bt diet. It is possible that such larvae may be preferentially removed from local field populations. These results may have implications for insect resistance management and may be played out under field conditions where seed blends of Bt and non-Bt hybrids are planted.

• Klíčová slova
• Cry1Ab, fall armyworm, multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis, resistance management,
• MeSH
• Bacillus thuringiensis klasifikace   MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• biologická kontrola škůdců * MeSH
• brouci růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• endotoxiny metabolismus   MeSH
• geneticky modifikované rostliny genetika   růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• hemolyziny metabolismus   MeSH
• kukuřice setá genetika   růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• larva růst a vývoj   mikrobiologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• potravní řetězec * MeSH
• predátorské chování * MeSH
• Spodoptera růst a vývoj   mikrobiologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• toxiny Bacillus thuringensis MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bakteriální proteiny MeSH
• endotoxiny MeSH
• hemolyziny MeSH
• insecticidal crystal protein, Bacillus Thuringiensis MeSH Prohlížeč
• toxiny Bacillus thuringensis MeSH

Staphylinid beetles are recommended bioindicators for the pre-market environmental risk assessment of genetically modified (GM) insect protected maize expressing the Cry3Bb1 toxin. Our multiannual study is a unique European analysis of a staphylinid community within a 14 ha maize field. GM maize, its near-isogenic hybrid (with or without insecticide treatment), and two other reference hybrids were each grown in five 0.5 ha plots. The opportunity for exposure to Cry toxin from plant residues ploughed into the soil was shown by the presence of saprophagous dipteran larvae that are common prey of predatory staphylinid species and hosts of the parasitoid species. 2587 individuals belonging to 77 staphylinid species were sampled using pitfall traps. Lesteva longoelytrata (31%), Oxypoda acuminata (12%), Aloconota sulcifrons (8%) and Anotylus rugosus (7%) were the most abundant beetles in the field. Bionomics, food specialization, temperature requirements and size group were assigned for 25 most common species. These traits determine the occurrence of staphylinid beetles in the field, the food sources they could utilize and thus also their likely contact with the Cry3Bb1 toxin. Statistical analysis of activity abundance, Rao indices and multivariate analysis of distribution of particular categories of functional traits in the field showed negligible effects of the experimental treatments, including the GM maize, upon the staphylinid community. Staphylinid beetles represent a considerably diverse part of epigeic field fauna with wide food specialization; these features render them suitable for the assessment of environmental safety of GM insect protected maize. However, the availability of prey and the presence of particular staphylinid species and their abundance are highly variable; this complicates the interpretation of the results.

• Klíčová slova
• Bt maize, Cry3Bb1, GM crops, activity abundance, dipteran larvae, functional traits, non-target, staphylinid beetles,
• MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny analýza   genetika   MeSH
• brouci fyziologie   MeSH
• Diptera účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• endotoxiny analýza   genetika   MeSH
• geneticky modifikované rostliny škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• hemolyziny analýza   genetika   MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• insekticidy škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• kukuřice setá genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• larva účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu analýza   toxicita   MeSH
• potravní řetězec MeSH
• predátorské chování MeSH
• toxiny Bacillus thuringensis MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bakteriální proteiny MeSH
• endotoxiny MeSH
• hemolyziny MeSH
• insecticidal crystal protein, Bacillus Thuringiensis MeSH Prohlížeč
• insekticidy MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu MeSH
• toxiny Bacillus thuringensis MeSH

Macroscopically visible lipid deposition varying in size from pinpoint to 8-mm diameter was found in spleens of a population of intensively farmed perch, Perca fluviatilis L. over a 24-month rearing period. Large agglomerates of adipocytes distinguishable from surrounding normal tissue occurred in all individuals with spleen lipidosis. Several affected fish presented total dystrophy of large clusters of hepatocytes. Prevalence of lipidosis was 5.0% at 12 months and 16.6% at 24 months. There was no significant difference between fatty acid profiles of liver or perivisceral fat of perch with and without lipidosis except for linoleic, myristic, γ-linoleic, cis-eicosatrienic, palmitooleic acid. Body weight and hepatosomatic, perivisceral fat and splenosomatic indices were not associated with lipidosis. There was no significant effect of lipidosis on mortality or growth.

• Klíčová slova
• dietary fat, histopathology, lipid metabolism, lipoma, nutritional pathology, spleen pathology,
• MeSH
• hepatocyty patologie   MeSH
• játra chemie   MeSH
• krmivo pro zvířata analýza   MeSH
• lipidózy epidemiologie   patologie   veterinární   MeSH
• mastné kyseliny analýza   MeSH
• nemoci ryb epidemiologie   patologie   MeSH
• nemoci sleziny epidemiologie   patologie   veterinární   MeSH
• nitrobřišní tuk chemie   MeSH
• okounovití * MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• rybářství MeSH
• slezina chemie   patologie   MeSH
• tukové buňky patologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mastné kyseliny MeSH

The objective of this work was to evaluate antioxidant defence and oxidative damage in organs (liver, gills, kidney, and brain) of five fish species (Aspius aspius, Esox lucius, Sander lucioperca, Abramis brama, Rutilus rutilus) from the long-term mercury-contaminated Skalka Reservoir in the Czech Republic. Special emphasis was placed on a comprehensive assessment of the factors that may affect the antioxidant response to mercury in fish. Antioxidant enzymes (glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase) did not significantly respond to mercury contamination. Levels of the analysed enzymes and oxidative damage to lipids were predominantly determined by a separate organ factor or species factor, or by the combination of both (p < 0.001). Levels of total glutathione and the reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio were influenced by mercury contamination in combination with their specific organ distribution (p < 0.001). Our results suggest that species and type of organ alone or in combination are more important factors than chronic exposure to mercury contamination with respect to effects on antioxidant defence in fish under field conditions. Our findings suggest that the main antioxidant defensive mechanism in fish from the studied long-term mercury contaminated site was the inter-tissue distribution of glutathione.

• MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza   toxicita   MeSH
• glutathion metabolismus   MeSH
• glutathionperoxidasa metabolismus   MeSH
• glutathionreduktasa metabolismus   MeSH
• glutathiontransferasa metabolismus   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• okounovití fyziologie   MeSH
• rtuť analýza   toxicita   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
• glutathion MeSH
• glutathionperoxidasa MeSH
• glutathionreduktasa MeSH
• glutathiontransferasa MeSH
• rtuť MeSH

BACKGROUND: Effects of acute and subchronic exposure of fish to s-triazine herbicides have been well documented, but data on the effects of prometryn on blood analytes in carp at environmentally realistic concentrations are lacking. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to determine whether biometrics, blood analytes, and histopathology could serve as bioindicators in fish living in waters polluted by triazine. METHODS: Fish were exposed to prometryn at concentrations of 0.51 (reported concentration in Czech rivers), 8.0, and 80 μg/L for 14, 30, and 60 days. Prior to and during this period, biometrics, blood analytes, and histopathology were evaluated. RESULTS: After 60 days' exposure to 8.0 and 80 μg/L of prometryn, spleen weights (P < .05) and lactate (P < .01) levels were significantly lower, and concentrations of HGB (P < .01) and MHC (P < .01) and MCHC (P < .01) were higher, relative to controls. After 30 and 60 days' exposure to 0.51, 8.0, and 80 μg/L of prometryn, AST activity, calcium, magnesium, and inorganic phosphate levels were lower (P < .01), while creatinine concentration and ALT activity were higher (P < .01) than in controls. Glucose was higher after exposure to 80 μg/L after 30 and 60 days, and after 60 days' exposure to 8.0 μg/L. Renal histology revealed severe hyaline degeneration of the epithelial cells of caudal kidney tubules in fish at all exposure levels. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows effects in fish blood at a concentration of 0.51 μg/L of prometryn, a significant finding in view of prometryn reaching a maximum of 4.4 μg/L or less in European rivers. Select blood analytes, such as creatinine, and histologic changes in caudal kidney are potential biomarkers for monitoring residual triazine pesticides in Common Carp.

• Klíčová slova
• Hemoconcentration, herbicide monitoring, triazine, water pollution,
• MeSH
• biochemická analýza krve veterinární   MeSH
• biologické markery krev   MeSH
• biometrie MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu krev   farmakologie   MeSH
• chování zvířat účinky léků   MeSH
• hematologické testy veterinární   MeSH
• herbicidy krev   farmakologie   MeSH
• kapři krev   fyziologie   MeSH
• ledviny účinky léků   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• prometryn krev   farmakologie   MeSH
• řeky MeSH
• slezina účinky léků   MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
• herbicidy MeSH
• prometryn MeSH