In Czech Republic there is a long tradition of providing tertiary scholarships to students from developing countries. The government scholarship programme started in the 1950s already as a part of the Czechoslovak technical assistance to countries in the South. Even though the programme left tens of thousands of graduates all over the world, the recent programme evaluation has revealed that it is characterised by a relatively poor performance. This article brings forward the main outcomes of the programme evaluation, highlights the policy recommendations and summarises policy reflections that occurred following the evaluation. The programme evaluation was done under unfavourable circumstances and could be accordingly defined as 'shoestring evaluation'. The restrictions and their influence on evaluation outcomes are discussed in article, too.

• Klíčová slova
• Developing countries, Programme evaluation, Scholarship programmes, Shoestring evaluation, Tertiary education,
• MeSH
• financování vládou ekonomika   normy   trendy   MeSH
• hodnocení programu ekonomika   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mezinárodní vzdělávací výměna ekonomika   trendy   MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• rozvojové země ekonomika   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• sociální opora MeSH
• stipendia ekonomika   normy   trendy   MeSH
• studenti psychologie   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method of sandwich type for determination of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in serum or urine using horseradish peroxidase as an enzyme label and microtiter ELISA plates (or polystyrene microtubes respectively) as a solid phase support for antibody was developed. Test sensitivity of 200 mIU hCG per milliliter is approximately sixfold greater than the available hemo- or latex agglutination tests; quantitative hCG ELISA method has sensitivity of 6 mIU hCG per milliliter. In order to evaluate the usefulness of the method for early pregnancy detection 5,000 urine samples were prospectively collected and results correlated with outcome of pregnancy. Reliability of the test performed on routine basis at the Institute for the Care of Mother and Child in Prague proved to be 97.2% for intrauterine pregnancy detection, in 2.52% the test result was "+ -", and only in 0.28% the results were erroneous. For samples sent with the diagnosis of suspected extrauterine pregnancy 93.5% of correct results, 4.35% of "+ -" and 2.17% of erroneous results was found.

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method of sandwich type for determination of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in serum or urine using horseradish peroxidase as an enzyme label and microtiter ELISA plates (or polystyrene microtubes respectively) as a solid phase support for antibody was developed. Test sensitivity of 200 mIU hCG/milliliter is approximately 6 times greater than the available hemo- or latex agglutination tests; quantitative hCG ELISA method has sensitivity of 6 mIU hCG/milliliter. In order to evaluate the usefulness of the method for early pregnancy detection, 5000 urine samples were prospectively collected and results correlated with outcome of pregnancy. Reliability of the test performed on a routine basis at the Institute for the Care of Mother and Child in Prague proved to be 97.2% for intrauterine pregnancy detection, in 2.52% of the test result was "+ -", and only in 0.28% were the test results in error. For samples sent with the diagnosis of suspected extrauterine pregnancy, 93.5% were correct results, 4.35% were "+ -", and 2.17% were results in error.

• Klíčová slova
• Biology, Czechoslovakia, Developed Countries, Eastern Europe, Endocrine System, Europe, Evaluation *, Examinations And Diagnoses, Gonadotropins, Gonadotropins, Chorionic--analysis *, Hormones, Laboratory Examinations And Diagnoses *, Laboratory Procedures, Physiology, Pregnancy Tests *,
• MeSH
• choriogonadotropin analýza   krev   moč   MeSH
• ELISA metody   MeSH
• hodnotící studie jako téma MeSH
• křenová peroxidasa MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mimoděložní těhotenství krev   moč   MeSH
• první trimestr těhotenství MeSH
• těhotenské testy imunologické metody   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• choriogonadotropin MeSH
• křenová peroxidasa MeSH

Herein we report the synthesis of some new 1H-1,2,4-triazole functionalized chromenols (3a-3n) via tandem reactions of 1-(alkyl/aryl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-yl) with salicylic aldehydes and the evaluation of their antifungal activity. In silico prediction of biological activity with computer program PASS indicate that the compounds have a high novelty compared to the known antifungal agents. We did not find any close analog among the over 580,000 pharmaceutical agents in the Cortellis Drug Discovery Intelligence database at the similarity cutoff of 70%. The evaluation of antifungal activity in vitro revealed that the highest activity was exhibited by compound 3k, followed by 3n. Their MIC values for different fungi were 22.1-184.2 and 71.3-199.8 µM, respectively. Twelve from fourteen tested compounds were more active than the reference drugs ketoconazole and bifonazole. The most sensitive fungus appeared to be Trichoderma viride, while Aspergillus fumigatus was the most resistant one. It was found that the presence of the 2-(tert-butyl)-2H-chromen-2-ol substituent on the 4th position of the triazole ring is very beneficial for antifungal activity. Molecular docking studies on C. albicans sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) and DNA topoisomerase IV were used to predict the mechanism of antifungal activities. According to the docking results, the inhibition of CYP51 is a putative mechanism of antifungal activity of the novel chromenol derivatives. We also showed that most active compounds have a low cytotoxicity, which allows us to consider them promising antifungal agents for the subsequent testing activity in in vivo assays.

• Klíčová slova
• C. albicans CYP51, PASS, antifungal activity, chromenol, molecular docking, vinyl-1,2,4-triazole,
• MeSH
• antifungální látky * chemická syntéza   chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• chromony * chemická syntéza   chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• Hypocreales růst a vývoj   MeSH
• mitosporické houby růst a vývoj   MeSH
• preklinické hodnocení léčiv MeSH
• simulace molekulového dockingu * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antifungální látky * MeSH
• chromony * MeSH

Evaluation of investments in tourism (as a cross-section industry) is a complex issue that needs to be addressed systematically by using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. This article deals with the setting of an ex-post evaluation framework for the assessment of impact interventions on the tourism sector at all its levels, especially the local one. The design of an evaluation framework for the tourism sector supported by the recommended approaches and methods is the first result of this methodically focused paper. The proposal to adopt the Method for Impact Assessment of Programmes and Projects = MAPP method into the tourism sector on a local level, including indicators, measures, and outcomes would be considered as a second significant result. The proposed evaluation framework can be used by the representatives of public institutions and organizations to measure the impact of programmes financially supported from public sources on the tourism sector in an efficient way. In particular, municipalities´ government bodies can adopt the proposed approach towards sustainable planning and development in tourism.

• Klíčová slova
• Evaluation in tourism, Ex-post evaluation framework, MAPP Method, Social perspective of investment evaluation, Tourism at the local level,
• MeSH
• hodnocení programu MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• místní státní správa * MeSH
• průmysl MeSH
• turistika * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Research tends to center on the individual exposed to endocrine disruptors, frequently using a disease centered medical model for evaluative purposes. Pesticides, like many other contaminants, disrupt the endocrine system. A normative growth and developmental model was used to evaluate four- and five-year-old Mexican children living in agricultural areas relying on the use of pesticides and compared the children to those living in a non-agricultural community. The purpose was to determine if the children of any given community were at risk from exposure, in contrast to identifying specific children with multiple deficits. Anthropological methods were adapted to provide a rapid community assessment approach. Living conditions, social and cultural conditions and genetics were similar in all groups studied. Growth, in terms of height and weight were alike for children in both areas. Differences existed in developmental skills, as measured through play behaviors. Neuro-muscular deficits, in terms of coordination and stamina, were found with the children in the agricultural communities. The heavier exposed children also exhibited neuro-mental deficits, as measured through the use of drawing and memory problems. No child excelled or performed poorly on all activities. One important outcome of the study was that behavior standards designed for American children did not always apply to these children due to different expectations placed on the child. Future research needs to examine if other endocrine disrupting compounds create similar developmental deficits.

• MeSH
• hodnotící studie jako téma MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pesticidy otrava   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí * MeSH
• vývojové poruchy u dětí chemicky indukované   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Mexiko MeSH
• Názvy látek
• pesticidy MeSH

The purpose of this research is to determine whether the Covid-19 pandemic has had an impact on the change of organisational culture in public high schools. Additionally, if there has been a change in organisational culture, to what extent does this change differ from the preferred type? Cameron and Quinn's OCAI questionnaire was used to determine the types of organisational culture. 453 valid responses were obtained from teachers of randomly selected public secondary schools in all regions of the Czech Republic. Pre-Covid-19, the present and preferred status were assessed. It was found that initially hierarchy culture was predominant, while currently preferences for adhocracy and market culture have increased significantly, although the hierarchy type still prevails. In the type of future, respondents will see the clan of organisational culture. The shift in each type, but also in each of its dimensions in the three periods studied, provides the researcher with a theme for deeper research into the context, and for school institutions and principals to develop strategies to support the creation of a healthy organisational culture.

• Klíčová slova
• Covid-19, Evaluation, OCAI, Organisational culture, School,
• MeSH
• COVID-19 * epidemiologie   MeSH
• hodnocení programu MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• organizační kultura MeSH
• pandemie * MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• školy MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• hodnotící studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: The development of digital health solutions for current health care settings requires an understanding of the complexities of the health care system, organizational setting, and stakeholder groups and of the underlying interplay between stakeholders and the technology. The digital health solution was founded on the basis of an information and communication technology platform and point-of-care devices enabling home-based monitoring of disease progression and treatment outcome for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to describe and discuss the applicability of an iterative evaluation process in guiding the development of a digital health solution as a technical and organizational entity in three different health care systems. METHODS: The formative evaluation comprised the methodologies of contextual understanding, participatory design, and feasibility studies and included patients, healthcare professionals, and hardware and software developers. In total, the evaluation involved 45 patients and 25 health care professionals at 3 clinical sites in Europe. RESULTS: The formative evaluation served as ongoing and relevant input to the development process of the digital health solution. Through initial field studies key stakeholder groups were identified and knowledge obtained about the different health care systems, the professional competencies involved in routine RA treatment, the clinics' working procedures, and the use of communication technologies. A theory-based stakeholder evaluation achieved a multifaceted picture of the ideas and assumptions held by stakeholder groups at the three clinical sites, which also represented the diversity of three different language zones and cultures. Experiences and suggestions from the patients and health care professionals were sought through participatory design processes and real-life testing and actively used for adjusting the visual, conceptual, and practical design of the solution. The learnings captured through these activities aided in forming the solution and in developing a common understanding of the overall vision and aim of this solution. During this process, the 3 participating sites learned from each other's feed-back with the ensuing multicultural inspiration. Moreover, these efforts also enabled the consortium to identify a 'tipping point' during a pilot study, revealing serious challenges and a need for further development of the solution. We achieved valuable learning during the evaluation activities, and the remaining challenges have been clarified more extensively than a single-site development would have discovered. The further obstacles have been defined as has the need to resolve these before designing and conducting a real-life clinical test to assess the outcome from a digital health solution for RA treatment. CONCLUSIONS: A formative evaluation process with ongoing involvement of stakeholder groups from 3 different cultures and countries have helped to inform and influence the development of a novel digital health solution, and provided constructive input and feedback enabling the consortium to control the development process.

• Klíčová slova
• eHealth, formative evaluation, intervention theories, participatory design, stakeholder participation, telemedicine,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

INTRODUCTION: The widespread importance of the synthesis and modification of anticancer agents has given rise to many numbers of medicinal chemistry programs. In this regard, triazine derivatives have attracted attention due to their remarkable activity against a wide range of cancer cells. This evaluation covers work reports to define the anticancer activity, the most active synthesized compound for the target, the SAR and, when described, the probable MOA besides similarly considered to deliver complete and target-pointed data for the development of types of anti-tumour medicines of triazine derivatives. Triazine scaffold for the development of anticancer analogues. Triazine can also relate to numerous beneficial targets, and their analogues have auspicious in-vitro and in-vivo anti-tumour activity. Fused molecules can improve efficacy, and drug resistance and diminish side effects, and numerous hybrid molecules are beneath diverse stages of clinical trials, so hybrid derivatives of triazine may offer valuable therapeutic involvement for the dealing of tumours. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the recent review was to summarize the recent reports on triazine as well as its analogues with respect to its anticancer therapeutic potential. CONCLUSION: The content of the review would be helpful to update the researchers working towards the synthesis and designing of new molecules for the treatment of various types of cancer disease with the recent molecules that have been produced from the triazine scaffold. Triazine scaffolds based on 1,3,5-triazine considerably boost molecular diversity levels and enable covering chemical space in key medicinal chemistry fields.

• Klíčová slova
• Triazine, anticancer, breast cancer, cell line, therapeutic potential., toxicity,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory farmakoterapie   MeSH
• protinádorové látky * farmakologie   chemie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• screeningové testy protinádorových léčiv MeSH
• triaziny * farmakologie   chemie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• vyvíjení léků metody   MeSH
• vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• protinádorové látky * MeSH
• triaziny * MeSH

The selection of pharmacotherapy for patients with allergic rhinitis aims to control the disease and depends on many factors. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) guidelines have considerably improved the treatment of allergic rhinitis. However, there is an increasing trend toward use of real-world evidence to inform clinical practice, especially because randomized controlled trials are often limited with regard to the applicability of results. The Contre les Maladies Chroniques pour un Vieillissement Actif (MACVIA) algorithm has proposed an allergic rhinitis treatment by a consensus group. This simple algorithm can be used to step up or step down allergic rhinitis treatment. Next-generation guidelines for the pharmacologic treatment of allergic rhinitis were developed by using existing GRADE-based guidelines for the disease, real-world evidence provided by mobile technology, and additive studies (allergen chamber studies) to refine the MACVIA algorithm.

• Klíčová slova
• Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma, Allergic rhinitis, Development and Evaluation, Grading of Recommendations Assessment, guidelines, real-world evidence,
• MeSH
• alergická rýma * diagnóza   imunologie   terapie   MeSH
• algoritmy * MeSH
• bronchiální astma * diagnóza   imunologie   terapie   MeSH
• lékařská praxe založená na důkazech * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• směrnice pro lékařskou praxi jako téma MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Sustainable development emphasizes the sustainability of natural resources and the environment as well as the development of social welfare. Under the background of resource scarcity and environmental constraints, maximizing social welfare is an inevitable choice to achieve sustainable development. Ecological Wellbeing Performance (EWP) can comprehensively reflect the efficiency of natural capital conversion into social welfare, and improving EWP is a feasible measure to achieve sustainable development. Moreover, island areas are the extremely complicated ecological-social-economic systems due to the traits that are geographical isolation, scarce resources, and frequent natural disasters, so that emphasizing the sustainability of island systems is a key step for achieving sustainable development goals. This study developed the EWP model based on the improved Three-dimensional Ecological Footprint (EF) and urban-scale Human Development Index (HDI), to synthetically evaluate and analyze the sustainable development of four major island regions in China with the data in 2017. Results found that: (1) The four regions are all in ecological deficits, being in exchange for overdraft natural capital for economic development. The EFdepth is greater than the original length 1 indicating the excessive consumption of the natural capital stock. The EFsize reflects the abundance and liquidity of regional natural capital, all the four regions are with the generally low level of flow capital utilization. Hainan with highest EFsize 0.428 is due to its comparatively sparse population density, abundant resources, and strong ecological capacity, while the relatively large population density and more restricted natural capital flows make Taiwan in the lowest value. (2) Judging from the evaluation results of the HDI, Chongming (0.796) and Hainan (0.773) high development level are relatively behind Taiwan (0.912) and Zhoushan (0.827) very high development level, for the impact of income is greater, that is, economic development in Hainan and Chongming is slightly weak. (3) Taiwan, with the highest EWP 3.646, shows the excellent natural resource utilization efficiency and sustainability, followed by Zhoushan, Chongming, and Hainan. In general, increasing HDI while reducing EF can be an ideal way to improve the efficiency of ecological resources and achieve sustainable urban development.

• Klíčová slova
• Ecological well-being performance, Human Development Index, Human welfare, Natural capital, Sustainability evaluation, Three-dimensional Ecological Footprint,
• MeSH
• ekosystém * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ostrovy MeSH
• zachování přírodních zdrojů * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Čína MeSH
• ostrovy MeSH
• Taiwan MeSH