Environmental Contaminants Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
The model study is focused on possibilities of comprehensive evaluation of the multiple exposure of humans to selected inorganic contaminants (arsenic, cadmium, lead, zinc) monitored within the subsystems of the monitoring the environmental impact on population health (inhalation and ingestion exposure from air, drinking water and foodstuffs and biological monitoring). The mean daily intake of contaminants of average adults is assessed using the monitoring and literature data. The exposure balance showed that the total intake of individual contaminants studied did not exceed the limit values given by the exposure standards (acceptable daily intake). The highest value of exposure reaching 28% of the limit was reported for cadmium. The prevailing pathway of exposure is ingestion of foodstuffs: more than 95% in all contaminants under study. Information on the intake of contaminants is used as input in a linear multicompartmental model describing their kinetics and retention in the human organism. The results of the model computation are compared with the laboratory data obtained in the biological monitoring of adult urine. The model and monitoring sets of results were found to conform well for cadmium and zinc. For arsenic and lead the model values are roughly one order of magnitude lower than the monitored ones which should be considered as acceptable for the model studies of this type. The model study of contaminant monitoring data processing and evaluation suggests further applications of health risk assessment representing one of the basic outputs of monitoring the environmental impact on population health.
- MeSH
- arsen analýza MeSH
- biologické modely * MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kadmium analýza MeSH
- kontaminace potravin analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lineární modely MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- obsah radioaktivních látek v organizmu * MeSH
- olovo analýza MeSH
- těžké kovy analýza MeSH
- zásobování vodou analýza MeSH
- zinek analýza MeSH
- znečištění ovzduší analýza MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- arsen MeSH
- kadmium MeSH
- olovo MeSH
- těžké kovy MeSH
- zinek MeSH
There is an increasing awareness of the threats posed by the worldwide presence of microplastics (MPs) in the environment. Due to their high persistence, MPs will accumulate in the environment and their quantities tend to increase with time. MPs end up in environments where often also chemical contaminants are present. Since the early 2000s, the number of studies on the sorption of chemicals to plastic particles has exponentially increased. The objective of this study was to critically review the literature to identify the most important factors affecting the sorption of chemical contaminants to MPs. These factors include the physicochemical properties of both the MPs and the chemical contaminants as well as environmental characteristics. A limited number of studies on soil together with an increased notion of the importance of this compartment as a final sink for MPs was observed. Therefore, we assessed the distribution of model chemicals (two PCBs and phenanthrene) in the soil compartment in the presence of MPs using a mass balance model. The results showed a high variation among chemicals and microplastic types. Overall, a higher partitioning to MPs of chemical contaminants in soil is expected in comparison to aquatic environments. As sorption to a large extent determines bioavailability, the effects of combined exposure to chemicals and MPs on the toxicity and bioaccumulation in biota are discussed. Finally, some considerations regarding sorption and toxicity studies using MPs are given.
- Klíčová slova
- Bioavailability, Mass balance model, Mixture toxicity, Sorption,
- MeSH
- biologická dostupnost MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza MeSH
- chemické modely MeSH
- fenantreny analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- plastické hmoty analýza MeSH
- polychlorované bifenyly analýza MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- společenstvo MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
- fenantreny MeSH
- phenanthrene MeSH Prohlížeč
- plastické hmoty MeSH
- polychlorované bifenyly MeSH
- půda MeSH
The determination of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in environmental samples has become a challenging and critical issue. The present work focuses on miniaturized analytical strategies reported in the literature for the determination of CECs. The first part of the review provides brief overview of CECs whose monitoring in environmental samples is of particular significance, namely personal care products, pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors, UV-filters, newly registered pesticides, illicit drugs, disinfection by-products, surfactants, high technology rare earth elements, and engineered nanomaterials. Besides, an overview of downsized sample preparation approaches reported in the literature for the determination of CECs in environmental samples is provided. Particularly, analytical methodologies involving microextraction approaches used for the enrichment of CECs are discussed. Both solid phase- and liquid phase-based microextraction techniques are highlighted devoting special attention to recently reported approaches. Special emphasis is placed on newly developed materials used for extraction purposes in microextraction techniques. In addition, recent contributions involving miniaturized analytical flow techniques for the determination of CECs are discussed. Besides, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of point of need and portable devices have been identified and critically compared with chromatographic methods coupled to mass chromatography. Finally, challenging aspects regarding miniaturized analytical methods for determination of CECs are critically discussed.
- Klíčová slova
- Emerging contaminants, Microextraction, Microfluidics, Millifluidics, Miniaturization, Sample preparation,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The main limitation in the high-sensitive HPGe gamma-ray spectrometry has been the detector background, even for detectors placed deep underground. Environmental radionuclides such as 40K and decay products in the 238U and 232Th chains have been identified as the most important radioactive contaminants of construction parts of HPGe gamma-ray spectrometers. Monte Carlo simulations have shown that the massive inner and outer lead shields have been the main contributors to the HPGe-detector background, followed by aluminum cryostat, copper cold finger, detector holder and the lead ring with FET. The Monte Carlo simulated cosmic-ray background gamma-ray spectrum has been by about three orders of magnitude lower than the experimental spectrum measured in the Modane underground laboratory (4800 m w.e.), underlying the importance of using radiopure materials for the construction of ultra-low-level HPGe gamma-ray spectrometers.
- Klíčová slova
- Background, HPGe gamma-spectrometry, Modane underground laboratory, Monte carlo simulation, Radioactive contaminants,
- MeSH
- laboratoře MeSH
- metoda Monte Carlo MeSH
- monitorování radiace * MeSH
- počítačová simulace MeSH
- radioaktivní znečišťující látky analýza MeSH
- radionuklidy MeSH
- spektrometrie gama * MeSH
- thorium analýza MeSH
- uran analýza MeSH
- záření gama MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Francie MeSH
- Názvy látek
- radioaktivní znečišťující látky MeSH
- radionuklidy MeSH
- thorium MeSH
- uran MeSH
Due to the increasing environmental pollution caused by human activities, environmental remediation has become an important subject for humans and environmental safety. The quest for beneficial pathways to remove organic and inorganic contaminants has been the theme of considerable investigations in the past decade. The easy and quick separation made magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) a popular method for the removal of different pollutants from the environment. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous materials best known for their ultrahigh porosity. Moreover, these materials can be easily modified with useful ligands and form various composites with varying characteristics, thus rendering them an ideal candidate as adsorbing agents for MSPE. Herein, research on MSPE, encompassing MOFs as sorbents and Fe3O4 as a magnetic component, is surveyed for environmental applications. Initially, assorted pollutants and their threats to human and environmental safety are introduced with a brief introduction to MOFs and MSPE. Subsequently, the deployment of magnetic MOFs (MMOFs) as sorbents for the removal of various organic and inorganic pollutants from the environment is deliberated, encompassing the outlooks and perspectives of this field.
- MeSH
- adsorpce MeSH
- látky znečišťující životní prostředí * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ligandy MeSH
- oxid železnato-železitý MeSH
- porézní koordinační polymery * MeSH
- regenerace a remediace životního prostředí * MeSH
- těžké kovy * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- látky znečišťující životní prostředí * MeSH
- ligandy MeSH
- oxid železnato-železitý MeSH
- porézní koordinační polymery * MeSH
- těžké kovy * MeSH
A new method for rapid determination of 73 target organic environmental contaminants including 18 polychlorinated biphenyls, 16 organochlorinated pesticides, 14 brominated flame retardants and 25 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fish and fish feed using gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was developed and validated. GC-MS/MS in electron ionization mode was shown to be a powerful tool for the (ultra)trace analysis of multiclass environmental contaminants in complex matrices, providing measurements with high selectivity and sensitivity. Another positive aspect characterizing the newly developed method is a substantial simplification of the sample preparation, which was achieved by an ethyl acetate QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) based extraction followed by silica minicolumn clean-up. With use of this sample preparation approach the sample laboratory throughput was increased not only because six samples may be prepared in approximately 1 h, but also because all the above-mentioned groups of contaminants can be determined in a single GC-MS/MS run. Under the optimized conditions, the recoveries of all target analytes in both matrices were within the range from 70 to 120% and the repeatabilities were 20% or less. The method quantification limits were in the range from 0.005 to 1 μg kg(-1) and from 0.05 to 10 μg kg(-1) for fish muscle tissue and fish feed, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of halogenated persistent organic pollutants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fish and fish feed samples.
- MeSH
- analýza hlavních komponent MeSH
- bezpečnost potravin metody MeSH
- kontaminace potravin MeSH
- krmivo pro zvířata normy MeSH
- látky znečišťující životní prostředí analýza chemie MeSH
- limita detekce MeSH
- plynová chromatografie s hmotnostně spektrometrickou detekcí * MeSH
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky analýza normy MeSH
- řízení kvality MeSH
- ryby * MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- látky znečišťující životní prostředí MeSH
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky MeSH
Pollution by chemical substances is of concern for the maintenance of healthy and sustainable aquatic environments. While the occurrence and fate of numerous emerging contaminants, especially pharmaceuticals, is well documented in freshwater, their occurrence and behavior in coastal and marine waters is much less studied and understood. This study investigates the occurrence of 58 chemicals in the open surface water of the Western Mediterranean Sea for the first time. 70 samples in total were collected in 10 different sampling areas. 3 pesticides, 11 pharmaceuticals and personal care products and 2 artificial sweeteners were detected at sub-ng to ng/L levels. Among them, the herbicide terbuthylazine, the pharmaceuticals caffeine, carbamazepine, naproxen and paracetamol, the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole, the antibacterial triclocarban and the two artificial sweeteners acesulfame and saccharin were detected in all samples. The compound detected at the highest concentration was saccharin (up to 5.23 ng/L). Generally small spatial differences among individual sampling areas point to a diffuse character of sources which are likely dominated by WWTP effluents and runoffs from agricultural areas or even, at least for pharmaceuticals and artificial food additives, from offshore sources such as ferries and cruising ships. The implications of the ubiquitous presence in the open sea of chemicals that are bio-active or toxic at low doses on photosynthetic organisms and/or bacteria (i.e., terbuthylazine, sulfamethoxazole or triclocarban) deserve scientific attention, especially concerning possible subtle impacts from chronic exposure of pelagic microorganisms.
- Klíčová slova
- Artificial sweeteners, Contaminants of emerging concern, Mediterranean Sea, Personal care products, Pesticides, Pharmaceuticals,
- MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí * MeSH
- mořská voda chemie MeSH
- pesticidy analýza MeSH
- sladidla analýza MeSH
- sladká voda MeSH
- zemědělství MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Středozemní moře MeSH
- Názvy látek
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
- pesticidy MeSH
- sladidla MeSH
Total mercury concentrations determined in the organs (muscle, brain, lungs, pancreas, liver, kidneys) of necropsy patients are evaluated. The mercury concentrations were also determined in the hair and urine of children residing in two different areas employed in a grain dressing paint (exposed and nonexposed to mercury fungicide formulation). The human autopsy study showed that the detected organ mercury concentrations were considerably lower than those reported in the literature: 94% of necropsy tissue samples showed mercury content lower than 100 micrograms . kg-1, irrespective of the type of body organ and the age of necropsy patients. The organ mercury concentrations were rising in the following order of organs: muscle, brain, lungs, pancreas liver and kidneys. No correlation could be demonstrated between the organ mercury concentration and the age of necropsy patient, or the primary cause of death. The highest hair and urine mercury concentrations were detected in workers occupationally exposed to the mercury containing fungicide formation. Increased average hair mercury concentrations corresponded with increased average mercury concentrations in the urine. The average mercury concentrations detected in the hair and urine of children and nonexposed workers were considerably lower than those reported in the literature. The authors provide also the most important data on the reported case of livestock overexposure to mercury, which has primarily stimulated their interest in mercury as an important environmental contaminant.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fungicidy průmyslové analýza MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- krmivo pro zvířata analýza MeSH
- látky znečišťující životní prostředí analýza MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- rtuť analýza moč MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- skot MeSH
- tkáňová distribuce MeSH
- vlasy, chlupy analýza MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- skot MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- fungicidy průmyslové MeSH
- látky znečišťující životní prostředí MeSH
- rtuť MeSH
A novel method for the extraction of river water contaminants as model analytes of ranging polarities, including bisphenols A, C, S, Z, fenoxycarb, kadethrin, and deltamethrin, using small compact fibrous disks has been developed and validated. Polymer nanofibers and microfibers prepared from poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), polypropylene, polyurethane, polyacrylonitrile, poly(lactic acid), and polycaprolactone doped with graphene were evaluated in terms of extraction efficiency, selectivity, and stability in organic solutions. Our novel extraction procedure comprised preconcentration of analytes from 150 mL river water to 1 mL of eluent using a compact nanofibrous disk freely vortexed in the sample. Small nanofibrous disks with a diameter of 10 mm were cut from a compact and mechanically stable 1-2 mm thick micro/nanofibrous sheet. After 60 min extraction in a magnetically stirred sample located in a beaker, the disk was removed from the liquid and washed with water. Then, the disk was inserted into a 1.5 mL HPLC vial and extracted with 1.0 ml methanol upon short intensive shaking. Our approach avoided the undesired problems related to the manual handling typical of "classical" SPE procedure since the extraction was carried out directly in the HPLC vial. No sample evaporation, reconstitution, or pipetting was required. The nanofibrous disk is affordable, needs no support or holder, and its use avoids creation of plastic waste originating from disposable materials. Recovery of compounds from the disks was 47.2-141.4% depending on the type of polymer used and the relative standard deviations calculated from 5 extractions ranged from 6.1 to 11.8% for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), 6.3-14.8% for polyurethane, and 1.7-16.2% for polycaprolactone doped with graphene. A small enrichment factor was obtained for polar bisphenol S using all sorbents. A higher preconcentration reaching up to 40-fold was achieved for lipophilic compounds such as deltamethrin when using poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and graphene-doped polycaprolactone.
- Klíčová slova
- Contaminants, Extraction, Graphene, Microfibers, Nanofibers, Nanofibrous disk,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Principles, advantages, and limitations of the use of radiotracer method for the analysis of speciation and migration of contaminants in the environment are briefly discussed. Several recent examples of use in the author's laboratory are given: development of the separation method for methylmercury and inorganic mercury in hair, analysis of the speciation of cadmium in soil solutions, study of the interaction of 137Cs and 58Co with suspended sediments in river water, and determination of input data for mathematical modeling of radiocesium migration in a small river.
