• Klíčová slova
• Czechoslovakia, Demography, Developed Countries, Eastern Europe, Europe, Geographic Factors *, Historical Demography *, Historical Survey *, Population, Social Sciences, Spatial Distribution *,
• MeSH
• demografie * MeSH
• populace MeSH
• sociální vědy MeSH
• vyspělé země MeSH
• zeměpis * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• východní Evropa MeSH

Studies of arboviruses started in Yugoslavia in 1953 following the isolation of TBE virus which caused a severe epidemic that year. Until now the following viruses have been proven to circulate in the country: tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), Bhanja (BHA), sandfly fever (SF), Tahyna (TAH), Calovo (CVO), West Nile (WN), dengue (DEN), Jug Bogdanovac (JB), and Hantaviruses. TBE virus is endemic in the north-west part of the country, causing also epidemics in cyclical intervals. Its typical clinical picture is aseptic meningitis, but severe cases with paralysis have also been described. The bite of ticks is confirmed in about 80% of cases. CCF caused a small epidemic with ten clinical cases in Macedonia in 1976. Bhanja virus was isolated on the Dalmatian island of Brac in 1977, the antibody rate there, determined by the HI method, being about 31%. The first human disease in the world was caused by the Yugoslav Bhanja virus strain. Sandfly fever is still active in the country. The Naples type is prevailing and has proved hazardous for newcomers. Hantaviruses have been studied since 1980. They caused severe epidemics (1967, 1980, 1989) and sporadic cases all over the country. Three different strains are in circulation. Further studies are needed for the rest of the above mentioned viruses to learn more about their significance in human pathology.

• MeSH
• arbovirové infekce mikrobiologie   MeSH
• arboviry izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• ekologie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Phlebovirus izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• virus krymsko-konžské hemoragické horečky izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• viry klíšťové encefalitidy izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Jugoslávie MeSH

The host specificity and distribution of Eubothrium crassum (Bloch, 1779) and Eubothrium salvelini (Schrank, 1790), morphologically fairly similar pseudophyllidean tapeworms parasitizing salmonid fish, were critically assessed on the basis of morphological and genetic evaluation of extensive material collected from different definitive hosts and geographical regions in Europe. Eubothrium crassum occurs in fish of the genera Salmo, i.e. salmon (S. salar - both freshwater and marine), sea trout (S. trutta trutta), brown trout (S. trutta fario), and lake trout (S. trutta lacustris), and also in Danubian salmon (Hucho hucho) and vendace (Coregonus albula). Eubothrium salvelini parasitizes Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in Europe, and also whitefish (Coregonus wartmanni). Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), which is not a native European fish species, was found to be a suitable definitive host for both Eubothrium species, which may occur simultaneously in the same fish. Previous records of E. crassum in Arctic char and brook trout, and those of E. salvelini in fish of the genus Salmo were most probably misidentifications. Most studies of Eubothrium have involved salmonids from the northern part of Europe, with few records from southern and south-eastern Europe. This study also confirmed the reliability of the morphology of the apical disc for the discrimination of E. crassum and E. salvelini.

• MeSH
• Cestoda klasifikace   fyziologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• cestodózy epidemiologie   patofyziologie   veterinární   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
• isoelektrická fokusace MeSH
• mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
• nemoci ryb epidemiologie   parazitologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• parazitologie metody   MeSH
• Salmonidae parazitologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH

Ljungan virus (LV), which belongs to the Parechovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family, was first isolated from bank voles (Myodes glareolus) in Sweden in 1998 and proposed as a zoonotic agent. To improve knowledge of the host association and geographical distribution of LV, tissues from 1685 animals belonging to multiple rodent and insectivore species from 12 European countries were screened for LV-RNA using reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR. In addition, we investigated how the prevalence of LV-RNA in bank voles is associated with various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. We show that LV is widespread geographically, having been detected in at least one host species in nine European countries. Twelve out of 21 species screened were LV-RNA PCR positive, including, for the first time, the red vole (Myodes rutilus) and the root or tundra vole (Alexandromys formerly Microtus oeconomus), as well as in insectivores, including the bicolored white-toothed shrew (Crocidura leucodon) and the Valais shrew (Sorex antinorii). Results indicated that bank voles are the main rodent host for this virus (overall RT-PCR prevalence: 15.2%). Linear modeling of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that could impact LV prevalence showed a concave-down relationship between body mass and LV occurrence, so that subadults had the highest LV positivity, but LV in older animals was less prevalent. Also, LV prevalence was higher in autumn and lower in spring, and the amount of precipitation recorded during the 6 months preceding the trapping date was negatively correlated with the presence of the virus. Phylogenetic analysis on the 185 base pair species-specific sequence of the 5' untranslated region identified high genetic diversity (46.5%) between 80 haplotypes, although no geographical or host-specific patterns of diversity were detected.

• Klíčová slova
• GLM, Picornaviridae, bank vole, cartogram, reservoir host, rodent vector,
• MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• hlodavci MeSH
• hmyzožravci MeSH
• Parechovirus klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• pikornavirové infekce epidemiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce s reverzní transkripcí MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH

Spatial variation in biodiversity is the result of complex interactions between evolutionary history and ecological factors. Methods in historical biogeography combine phylogenetic information with current species locations to infer the evolutionary history of a clade through space and time. A major limitation of most methods for historical biogeographic inference is the requirement of single locations for terminal lineages, reducing contemporary species geographical ranges to a point in two-dimensional space. In reality, geographic ranges usually show complex geographic patterns, irregular shapes, or discontinuities. In this article, we describe a method for phylogeographic analysis using polygonal species geographic ranges of arbitrary complexity. By integrating the geographic diversification process across species ranges, we provide a method to infer the geographic location of ancestors in a Bayesian framework. By modeling migration conditioned on a phylogenetic tree, this approach permits reconstructing the geographic location of ancestors through time. We apply this new method to the diversification of two neotropical bird genera, Trumpeters (Psophia) and Cinclodes ovenbirds. We demonstrate the usefulness of our method (called rase) in phylogeographic reconstruction of species ancestral locations and contrast our results with previous methods that compel researchers to reduce the distribution of species to one point in space. We discuss model extensions to enable a more general, spatially explicit framework for historical biogeographic analysis.

• Klíčová slova
• Bayesian inference, continuous trait evolution, diversification, historical biogeography, phylogeography, species distributions,
• MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• fylogeografie metody   MeSH
• ptáci klasifikace   MeSH
• rozšíření zvířat * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Jižní Amerika MeSH

• MeSH
• antigeny virové analýza   MeSH
• arboviry klasifikace   imunologie   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Afrika MeSH
• Amerika MeSH
• Asie MeSH
• Austrálie MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny virové MeSH

For a long time hantaviruses were believed to be exclusively rodent-borne pathogens. Recent findings of numerous shrew- and mole-borne hantaviruses raise important questions on their phylogenetic origin. The objective of our study was to prove the presence and distribution of shrew-associated Seewis virus (SWSV) in different Sorex species in Central Europe. Therefore, a total of 353 Sorex araneus, 59 S. minutus, 27 S. coronatus, and one S. alpinus were collected in Germany, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. Screening by hantavirus-specific L-segment RT-PCR revealed specific amplification products in tissues of 49 out of 353 S. araneus and four out of 59 S. minutus. S-segment sequences were obtained for 45 of the L-segment positive S. araneus and all four L-segment positive S. minutus. Phylogenetic investigation of these sequences from Germany, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia demonstrated their similarity to SWSV sequences from Hungary, Finland, Austria, and other sites in Germany. The low intra-cluster sequence variability and the high inter-cluster divergence suggest a long-term SWSV evolution in isolated Sorex populations. In 28 of the 49 SWSV S-segment sequences, an additional putative open reading frame (ORF) on the opposite strand to the nucleocapsid protein-encoding ORF was identified. This is the first comprehensive sequence analysis of SWSV strains from Germany, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia, indicating its broad geographical distribution and high genetic divergence. Future studies have to prove whether both S. araneus and S. minutus represent SWSV reservoir hosts or spillover infections are responsible for the parallel molecular detection of SWSV in both species.

• MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genetická variace * MeSH
• hantavirové infekce epidemiologie   veterinární   virologie   MeSH
• Hantavirus klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce s reverzní transkripcí MeSH
• rejskovití klasifikace   virologie   MeSH
• RNA virová analýza   genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Německo epidemiologie   MeSH
• Slovenská republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• RNA virová MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• Czechoslovakia, Demography, Developed Countries, Eastern Europe, Europe, Geographic Factors, Government Publication *, Historical Demography *, Historical Survey *, Population, Social Sciences, Spatial Distribution--statistics *,
• MeSH
• demografie * MeSH
• populace MeSH
• sociální vědy MeSH
• úřední publikace jako téma * MeSH
• vyspělé země MeSH
• zeměpis MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• východní Evropa MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS/epidemiology *,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• roztroušená skleróza epidemiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• epidemický výskyt choroby MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• rinosklerom epidemiologie   genetika   MeSH
• zdroje nemoci MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Asie MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• Jižní Amerika MeSH