Field crops represent one of the highest contributions to dietary metal exposure. The aim of this study was to develop specific regression models for the uptake of metals into various field crops and to compare the usability of other available models. We analysed samples of potato, hop, maize, barley, wheat, rape seed, and grass from 66 agricultural sites. The influence of measured soil concentrations and soil factors (pH, organic carbon, content of silt and clay) on the plant concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb and Zn was evaluated. Bioconcentration factors (BCF) and plant-specific metal models (PSMM) developed from multivariate regressions were calculated. The explained variability of the models was from 19 to 64% and correlations between measured and predicted concentrations were between 0.43 and 0.90. The developed hop and rapeseed models are new in this field. Available models from literature showed inaccurate results, except for Cd; the modelling efficiency was mostly around zero. The use of interaction terms between parameters can significantly improve plant-specific models.

• Klíčová slova
• Field crops, Heavy metals, Linear regression, Plant uptake, Prediction models,
• MeSH
• Brassica rapa chemie   MeSH
• kontaminace potravin MeSH
• kukuřice setá chemie   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu analýza   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• multivariační analýza MeSH
• pšenice chemie   MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• regresní analýza MeSH
• teoretické modely * MeSH
• těžké kovy analýza   MeSH
• zemědělské plodiny chemie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující půdu MeSH
• půda MeSH
• těžké kovy MeSH

AIM: Current diagnostics of bone metastatic disease is not satisfactory for early detection or regular process monitoring. The combination of biomarkers and the multiparametric approach was described as effective in other oncology diagnoses. The aim of the study was to improve the difference diagnostics between bone-metastatic disease and solid tumors using mutivariate logistic regression model. METHODS: We assessed the group of 131 patients with the following diagnoses: prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, and colorectal cancer. According to the results of scintigraphy, the cohort was divided into 2 groups based on the occurrence of bone metastases. Group 0 was a control group of 75 patients with no signs of bone metastases and group 1 included 56 patients with bone metastases. RESULTS: We used stepwise selection multivariate logistic regression for choosing the multimarker formula for calculation of risk score for bone metastases diagnostics. For detection of bone metastasis, it was shown to be most effective measurement of 3 biomarkers: procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide, growth differentiation factor-15, and osteonectin and combining with calculation of risk score by designating measured concentrations in mathematical formula: bone risk score = procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide × 0.0500 + growth differentiation factor-15 × 1.4179 + osteonectin × 0.00555. CONCLUSION: We identified growth differentiation factor-15 as the best individual marker for bone metastasis diagnostics. The best formula for risk score includes levels of 3 biomarkers-procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide, growth differentiation factor-15, and osteonectin. The new score has better performance described by higher area under the curve than individual biomarkers. A further study is necessary to confirm these findings incorporating a larger number of patients.

• Klíčová slova
• biomarkers, bone metastasis, cancer, multivariate analysis, scintigraphy,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• kosti a kostní tkáň metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• multivariační analýza MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery metabolismus   MeSH
• nádory kostí metabolismus   patologie   sekundární   MeSH
• osteonektin metabolismus   MeSH
• radioisotopová scintigrafie metody   MeSH
• růstový diferenciační faktor 15 metabolismus   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• nádorové biomarkery MeSH
• osteonektin MeSH
• růstový diferenciační faktor 15 MeSH

BACKGROUND: Left atrial (LA) enlargement is a predictor of worse outcome after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF). Widely used two-dimensional (2D)-echocardiography is inaccurate and underestimates real LA volume (LAV). We hypothesized that baseline clinical characteristics of patients can be used to adjust 2D-ECHO indices of LAV in order to minimize this disagreement. METHODS: The study enrolled 535 patients (59 ± 9 years; 67% males; 43% paroxysmal AF) who underwent catheter ablation for AF in three specialized centers. We investigated multivariately the relationship between 2D-echocardiographic indices of LA size, specifically LA diameter in M-mode in the parasternal long-axis view (LAD), LAV assessed by the prolate-ellipsoid method (LAVEllipsoid), LAV by the planimetric method (LAVPlanimetry), and LAV derived from 3D-electroanatomic mapping (LAVCARTO). RESULTS: Cubed LAD of 106 ± 45 ml, LAVEllipsoid of 72 ± 24 ml and LAVPlanimetry of 88 ± 30 ml correlated only modestly (r = 0.60, 0.69, and 0.53, respectively) with LAVCARTO of 137 ± 46 ml, which was significantly underestimated with a bias (±1.96 standard deviation) of -31 (-111; +49) ml, -64 (-132; +2) ml, and -49 (-125; +27) ml, respectively; p < 0.0001 for their mutual difference. LA enlargement itself, age, gender, type of AF, and the presence of structural heart disease were independent confounders of measurement error of 2D-echocardiographic LAV. CONCLUSION: Accuracy and precision of all 2D-echocardiographic LAV indices are poor. Their agreement with true LAV can be significantly improved by multivariate adjustment to clinical characteristics of patients.

• MeSH
• echokardiografie * MeSH
• fibrilace síní diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• multivariační analýza MeSH
• regresní analýza MeSH
• ROC křivka MeSH
• srdeční síně diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   MeSH
• velikost orgánu MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• neurofyziologie MeSH
• pravděpodobnost * MeSH
• regresní analýza * MeSH
• statistika jako téma * MeSH
• stochastické procesy * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The objective of this study is the evaluation of the potential of high-throughput direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS) fingerprinting and multivariate regression analysis in prediction of the extent of acrylamide formation in biscuit samples prepared by various recipes and baking conditions. Information-rich mass spectral fingerprints were obtained by analysis of biscuit extracts for preparation of which aqueous methanol was used. The principal component analysis (PCA) of the acquired data revealed an apparent clustering of samples according to the extent of heat-treatment applied during the baking of the biscuits. The regression model for prediction of acrylamide in biscuits was obtained by partial least square regression (PLSR) analysis of the data matrix representing combined positive and negative ionization mode fingerprints. The model provided a least root mean square error of cross validation (RMSECV) equal to an acrylamide concentration of 5.4 μg kg(-1) and standard error of prediction (SEP) of 14.8 μg kg(-1). The results obtained indicate that this strategy can be used to accurately predict the amounts of acrylamide formed during baking of biscuits. Such rapid estimation of acrylamide concentration can become a useful tool in evaluation of the effectivity of processes aiming at mitigation of this food processing contaminant. However, the robustness this approach with respect to variability in the chemical composition of ingredients used for preparation of biscuits should be tested further.

• Klíčová slova
• Acrylamide, Biscuits, Direct analysis in real time, Mass spectrometry, Multivariate regression analysis,
• MeSH
• akrylamid analýza   MeSH
• analýza hlavních komponent MeSH
• analýza potravin metody   MeSH
• chléb analýza   MeSH
• hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• lineární modely MeSH
• metoda nejmenších čtverců MeSH
• multivariační analýza MeSH
• tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• vaření * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• akrylamid MeSH

Mucoadhesive films represent the most developed medical form of buccal application. Despite the intense focus on buccal film-based systems, there are no standardized methods for their evaluation, which limits the possibility of comparison of obtained data and evaluation of the significance of influence of formulation and process variables on properties of resulting films. The used principal component analysis, together with a partial least squares regression provided a unique insight into the effects of in vitro parameters of mucoadhesive buccal films on their in vivo properties and into interdependencies among the studied variables. In the present study eight various mucoadhesive buccal films based on mucoadhesive polymers (carmellose, polyethylene oxide) were prepared using a solvent casting method or a method of impregnation, respectively. An ethylcellulose or hydrophobic blend of white beeswax and white petrolatum were used as a backing layer. The addition of polyethylene oxide prolonged the in vivo film residence time (from 53.24±5.38-74.18±5.13 min to 71.05±3.15-98.12±1.75 min), and even more when combined with an ethylcellulose backing layer (98.12±1.75 min) and also improved the film's appearance. Tested non-woven textile shortened the in vivo film residence time (from 74.18±5.13-98.12±1.75 min to 53.24±5.38-81.00±8.47 min) and generally worsened the film's appearance. Mucoadhesive buccal films with a hydrophobic backing layer were associated with increased frequency of adverse effects.

• Klíčová slova
• Backing layer, Carmellose, In vitro testing, In vivo evaluation, Method of impregnation, Mucoadhesive buccal films, Multivariate data analysis, Non-woven textile, Residence time, Solvent casting method,
• MeSH
• adheziva aplikace a dávkování   chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• adhezivita účinky léků   MeSH
• aplikace bukální MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• farmaceutická chemie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• multivariační analýza MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sodná sůl karboxymethylcelulosy aplikace a dávkování   chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• ústní sliznice účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adheziva MeSH
• sodná sůl karboxymethylcelulosy MeSH

AIM: The first aim of this study was to search for new biomarkers to be used in gastric cancer diagnostics. The second aim was to verify the findings presented in literature on a sample of the local population and investigate the risk of gastric cancer in that population using a multivariant statistical analysis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We assessed a group of 36 patients with gastric cancer and 69 healthy individuals. We determined carcinoembryonic antigen, cancer antigen 19-9, cancer antigen 72-4, matrix metalloproteinases (-1, -2, -7, -8 and -9), osteoprotegerin, osteopontin, prothrombin induced by vitamin K absence-II, pepsinogen I, pepsinogen II, gastrin and Helicobacter pylori for each sample. RESULTS: The multivariate stepwise logistic regression identified the following biomarkers as the best gastric cancer predictors: CEA, CA72-4, pepsinogen I, Helicobacter pylori presence and MMP7. CONCLUSION: CEA and CA72-4 remain the best markers for gastric cancer diagnostics. We suggest a mathematical model for the assessment of risk of gastric cancer.

• Klíčová slova
• Gastric cancer, biomarkers, gastric cancer index, tumor markers,
• MeSH
• antigeny sacharidové asociované s nádorem krev   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• Helicobacter pylori imunologie   MeSH
• imunoglobulin G krev   MeSH
• infekce vyvolané Helicobacter pylori imunologie   MeSH
• karcinoembryonální antigen krev   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• matrixová metaloproteinasa 7 krev   MeSH
• multivariační analýza MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery krev   MeSH
• nádory žaludku krev   diagnóza   MeSH
• pepsinogen A krev   MeSH
• protilátky bakteriální krev   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• teoretické modely * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny sacharidové asociované s nádorem MeSH
• CA-72-4 antigen MeSH Prohlížeč
• imunoglobulin G MeSH
• karcinoembryonální antigen MeSH
• matrixová metaloproteinasa 7 MeSH
• MMP7 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• nádorové biomarkery MeSH
• pepsinogen A MeSH
• protilátky bakteriální MeSH

Rhesus factor polymorphism has been an evolutionary enigma since its discovery in 1939. Carriers of the rarer allele should be eliminated by selection against Rhesus positive children born to Rhesus negative mothers. Here I used an ecologic regression study to test the hypothesis that Rhesus factor polymorphism is stabilized by heterozygote advantage. The study was performed in 65 countries for which the frequencies of RhD phenotypes and specific disease burden data were available. I performed multiple multivariate covariance analysis with five potential confounding variables: GDP, latitude (distance from the equator), humidity, medical care expenditure per capita and frequencies of smokers. The results showed that the burden associated with many diseases correlated with the frequencies of particular Rhesus genotypes in a country and that the direction of the relation was nearly always the opposite for the frequency of Rhesus negative homozygotes and that of Rhesus positive heterozygotes. On the population level, a Rhesus-negativity-associated burden could be compensated for by the heterozygote advantage, but for Rhesus negative subjects this burden represents a serious problem.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• frekvence genu MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• heterozygot MeSH
• homozygot MeSH
• krevní skupiny - systém Rh-Hr genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• míra přežití MeSH
• polymorfismus genetický * MeSH
• regresní analýza MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• krevní skupiny - systém Rh-Hr MeSH

We have developed a method to longitudinally classify subjects into two or more prognostic groups using longitudinally observed values of markers related to the prognosis. We assume the availability of a training data set where the subjects' allocation into the prognostic group is known. The proposed method proceeds in two steps as described earlier in the literature. First, multivariate linear mixed models are fitted in each prognostic group from the training data set to model the dependence of markers on time and on possibly other covariates. Second, fitted mixed models are used to develop a discrimination rule for future subjects. Our method improves upon existing approaches by relaxing the normality assumption of random effects in the underlying mixed models. Namely, we assume a heteroscedastic multivariate normal mixture for random effects. Inference is performed in the Bayesian framework using the Markov chain Monte Carlo methodology. Software has been written for the proposed method and it is freely available. The methodology is applied to data from the Dutch Primary Biliary Cirrhosis Study.

• MeSH
• biliární cirhóza farmakoterapie   MeSH
• biologické markery analýza   MeSH
• cholagoga a choleretika terapeutické užití   MeSH
• diskriminační analýza * MeSH
• interpretace statistických dat * MeSH
• kyselina ursodeoxycholová terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lineární modely * MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• počítačová simulace MeSH
• progrese nemoci MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH
• cholagoga a choleretika MeSH
• kyselina ursodeoxycholová MeSH

BACKGROUND: This study examines the associations of fatty acids (FAs) in plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC) with the anthropometrical and biochemical characteristic of patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS)-related traits. METHODS: We analyzed the FA profiles of PC in 300 persons with MetS-related traits (152 M/148F, mean age 46.9 ± 9.0 years) and in 70 healthy controls of the same age using a balanced men/women ratio and gas-liquid chromatography. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to determine the coefficients of determination (R2) using FA proportions of the mentioned proband characteristics. RESULTS: The FA composition of PC in patients with MetS traits was only associated with waist circumference (R2 = 0.27), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR; R2 = 0.41), body fat percentage (R2 = 0.62), and fat mass (R2 = 0.29). Positive associations were found for dihomo-γ-linolenic (DGLA), palmitic, stearic (SA), α-linolenic (ALA), and eicosapentaenoic acids, whereas negative associations were found for linoleic (LA), oleic, and docosapentaenoic acids. Palmitoleic acid (POA) was positively associated with waist circumference but negatively with fat percentage. In controls, significant associations were found for waist circumference (R2 = 0.51), WHR (R2 = 0.53), body fat percentage (R2 = 0.60), and fat mass (R2 = 0.34). DGLA and saturated FA (SFA) were positively associated, whereas docosahexaenoic, adrenic, and cis-vaccenic acids were negatively associated. The study group differed from controls as follows: lower concentrations of LA and total n-6 FA, higher indices of delta-9-desaturase and delta-6 desaturase activity and higher proportions of POA, SA, ALA, DGLA, and SFA. CONCLUSIONS: We found significant associations (R2 >0.25) of FA in plasma PC with adiposity in middle-aged persons with MetS-related traits, but not with metabolic indices.

• Klíčová slova
• anthropometric variables, de novo lipogenesis, fatty acids, multivariate linear regression analysis, phosphatidylcholine,
• MeSH
• adipozita * MeSH
• antropometrie MeSH
• chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fosfatidylcholiny krev   MeSH
• inzulinová rezistence MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lineární modely MeSH
• lipidy krev   MeSH
• mastné kyseliny krev   MeSH
• metabolický syndrom krev   MeSH
• multivariační analýza MeSH
• obvod pasu MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• poměr pasu a boků MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• regresní analýza MeSH
• stearyl-CoA-desaturasa metabolismus   MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fosfatidylcholiny MeSH
• lipidy MeSH
• mastné kyseliny MeSH
• stearyl-CoA-desaturasa MeSH