Increasing bacterial resistance to quinolone antibiotics is apparent in both humans and animals. For humans, a potential source of resistant bacteria may be animals or their products entering the human food chain, for example poultry. Between July 2013 and September 2014, samples were collected and analyzed in the Moravian regions of the Czech Republic to isolate the bacterium Escherichia coli. As a result, 212 E. coli isolates were obtained comprising 126 environmental isolates from poultry houses and 86 isolates from cloacal swabs from market-weight turkeys. Subsequently, the E. coli isolates were tested for susceptibility to selected antibiotics. Resistance of the poultry isolates to quinolones ranged from 53% to 73%. Additionally, the presence of plasmid-mediated resistance genes was studied. The genes were confirmed in 58% of the tested strains. The data on resistance of isolates from poultry were compared with results of resistance tests in human isolates obtained in the same regions. The high levels of resistance determined by both phenotyping and genotyping methods and reported in the present study confirm the fact that the use of fluoroquinolones in poultry should be closely monitored.

• Klíčová slova
• Escherichia coli, antibiotic resistance, plasmids, poultry, quinolones,
• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• chinolony farmakologie   MeSH
• drůbež mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Escherichia coli účinky léků   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• zemědělství MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• chinolony MeSH

The genotoxicity of quinolone antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin) was studied on the selected mutant E. coli strain PQ 37 (SOS chromotest). The genotoxicity was expressed by SOS-inducing potential (SOSIP) values. The highest SOSIP values were found with ciprofloxacin (SOSIP = 1967 delta IF/nmol), the lowest value was observed with nalidixic acid (SOSIP = 0.3 delta IF/nmol). Similar results were also found with the biosynthesis of nucleic acids, as indicated by incorporation of 14C-adenine into TCA-insoluble fractions of S. typhimurium cells (ciprofloxacin IC50 = 0.39, nalidixic acid IC50 = 400). DNA-damaging effects were tested in the absence of an exogenous metabolizing system.

• MeSH
• 4-chinolony MeSH
• antiinfekční látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny biosyntéza   genetika   MeSH
• bakteriální RNA biosyntéza   MeSH
• beta-galaktosidasa biosyntéza   genetika   MeSH
• DNA bakterií biosyntéza   MeSH
• Escherichia coli účinky léků   genetika   MeSH
• operon MeSH
• poškození DNA MeSH
• proteiny z Escherichia coli * MeSH
• rekombinantní fúzní proteiny biosyntéza   MeSH
• reportérové geny MeSH
• Salmonella typhimurium účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• SOS odpověď (genetika) účinky léků   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 4-chinolony MeSH
• antiinfekční látky MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny MeSH
• bakteriální RNA MeSH
• beta-galaktosidasa MeSH
• DNA bakterií MeSH
• proteiny z Escherichia coli * MeSH
• rekombinantní fúzní proteiny MeSH
• sulA protein, E coli MeSH Prohlížeč

No standard categorization of quinolone antibiotics into generations may be found in either Czech or world literature. The author recommends a categorization into four groups defined according to their spectrum of action and utilization: 1) preparations for the treatment of urinary tract infections; 2) systemically acting quinolones chiefly efficacious against Gram-negative bacteria; 3) so-called respiratory quinolones; and 4) quinolones with a very broad spectrum of action suitable for the treatment of very complicated infections. The author describes the chief characteristics of the most important quinolone antibiotics, including preparations either in their development stage or whose development has been prematurely interrupted because of adverse side-effects. The list includes all preparations that are or were temporarily registered in the Czech Republic.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky * chemie   klasifikace   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• chinolony * chemie   klasifikace   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• infekce močového ústrojí farmakoterapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky * MeSH
• chinolony * MeSH

Escherichia coli is a common commensal bacterial species of humans and animals that may become a troublesome pathogen causing serious diseases. The aim of this study was to characterize the quinolone resistance phenotypes and genotypes in E. coli isolates of different origin from one area of the Czech Republic. E. coli isolates were obtained from hospitalized patients and outpatients, chicken farms, retailed turkeys, rooks wintering in the area, and wastewaters. Susceptibility of the isolates grown on the MacConkey agar with ciprofloxacin (0.05 mg/L) to 23 antimicrobial agents was determined. The presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) and ESBL genes was tested by PCR and sequencing. Specific mutations in gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE were also examined. Multilocus sequence typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis were performed to assess the clonal relationship. In total, 1050 E. coli isolates were obtained, including 303 isolates from humans, 156 from chickens, 105 from turkeys, 114 from the rooks, and 372 from wastewater samples. PMQR genes were detected in 262 (25%) isolates. The highest occurrence was observed in isolates from retailed turkey (49% of the isolates were positive) and inpatients (32%). The qnrS1 gene was the most common PMQR determinant identified in 146 (56%) followed by aac(6')-Ib-cr in 77 (29%), qnrB19 in 41 (16%), and qnrB1 in 9 (3%) isolates. All isolates with high level of ciprofloxacin resistance (>32 mg/L) carried double or triple mutations in gyrA combined with single or double mutations in parC. The most frequently identified substitutions were Ser(83)Leu; Asp(87)Asn in GyrA, together with Ser(80)Ile, or Glu(84)Val in ParC. Majority of these isolates showed resistance to beta-lactams and multiresistance phenotype was found in 95% isolates. Forty-eight different sequence types among 144 isolates analyzed were found, including five major clones ST131 (26), ST355 (19), ST48 (13), ST95 (10), and ST10 (5). No isolates sharing 100% relatedness and originating from different areas were identified. In conclusion, our study identified PMQR genes in E. coli isolates in all areas studied, including highly virulent multiresistant clones such as ST131 producing CTX-M-15 beta-lactamases.

• Klíčová slova
• Escherichia coli, MLST, PFGE, animals, human, quinolone resistance, wastewater,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Faecal Escherichia coli strains were isolated from great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), which are commonly occurring waterbirds in Europe, and studied for resistance to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. METHODS: Cloacal swabs or faeces from great cormorants and mallards in Central Europe were cultivated to isolate Escherichia coli strains with extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes. RESULTS: Ten ESBL-producing E. coli with the bla(CTX-M-15) or bla(CTX-M-27) gene were isolated from eight great cormorants (1.6%, n = 499). The bla(CTX-M) genes were harboured by plasmids of F and I1 incompatibility groups. CTX-M-27-producing isolates were identified as the epidemiologically important B2-O25b-ST131 clone. No ESBL-producing E. coli was isolated from 305 mallards. Eight E. coli isolates with PMQR genes [six aac(6')-Ib-cr and two qnrS1] were detected in six great cormorants (1.2%). Seventeen strains with qnrS1 were detected in 17 mallards (6%). The PMQR genes were located on plasmids of incompatibility groups F, N or X2. ESBL and PMQR genes were found on conjugative plasmids, enabling the horizontal spread of resistance. CONCLUSIONS: Both great cormorants and mallards can spread epidemiologically important antimicrobial-resistant E. coli isolates to water bodies throughout Europe.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence * MeSH
• beta-laktamasy metabolismus   MeSH
• cefalosporiny farmakologie   MeSH
• chinolony farmakologie   MeSH
• Escherichia coli enzymologie   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• feces mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kloaka mikrobiologie   MeSH
• plazmidy analýza   MeSH
• ptáci mikrobiologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• beta-laktamasy MeSH
• cefalosporiny MeSH
• chinolony MeSH

Nine novel cobalt(III) ternary complexes bearing 4N donor ligands (tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (tren) or tris(2-methylpyridyl)amine (tpa)) and (fluoro)quinolones (quinH) with antibacterial and potential antitumor activity have been synthesized, characterized and screened in various biological assays. The molecular structures of [Co(tpa)(nal)](PF6)2 (3) and [Co(tpa)(nor)(Co(tpa)(norH)](PF6)3(Cl)2∙5MeOH (8) (nal = deprotonated form of nalidixic acid, norH = norfloxacin) with the expected octahedral geometry and (O,O) coordination of the quinolone ligands are also reported. Cyclic voltammetric studies revealed that the 4N donor ligands have much higher effect on the reduction potential of these ternary complexes than the quinolones. Due to the π-back-bonding interaction of the metal ion with the pyridyl-N atoms, the tpa containing compounds demonstrated lower stability and were easier to get reduced in a reversible manner. This character makes them unlikely candidates for development of effective, highly selective hypoxia-activated pro-drug complexes, but this goal might be achieved by substitution of tpa by tren. [Co(tren)(cip)](PF6)2 (4) and [Co(tpa)(cip)](PF6)2 (5) (cip = deprotonated form of ciprofloxacin) showed slightly less antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli than free ciprofloxacin (cipH) and they found to have very low toxicity towards both selected cancer (HeLa, MCF 7, MDA-MB-239) and noncancerous (MRC5 pd30) cells. Interaction of 4 and 5 with calf thymus DNA studied by UV-Vis, flow linear dichroism, viscometry and DNA melting indicated the complexes to bind to DNA as intercalators. DNA electrophoresis revealed that, unlike Co(II) complexes, 4 and 5 are not capable of cleaving DNA, but they can inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase 5 being slightly more active than 4.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky chemická syntéza   farmakologie   toxicita   MeSH
• chinolony chemická syntéza   farmakologie   toxicita   MeSH
• ciprofloxacin farmakologie   MeSH
• DNA gyráza metabolismus   MeSH
• DNA metabolismus   MeSH
• inhibitory topoisomerasy II chemická syntéza   farmakologie   toxicita   MeSH
• interkalátory chemická syntéza   farmakologie   toxicita   MeSH
• kobalt chemie   MeSH
• komplexní sloučeniny chemická syntéza   farmakologie   toxicita   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ligandy MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• skot MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• skot MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• calf thymus DNA MeSH Prohlížeč
• chinolony MeSH
• ciprofloxacin MeSH
• DNA gyráza MeSH
• DNA MeSH
• inhibitory topoisomerasy II MeSH
• interkalátory MeSH
• kobalt MeSH
• komplexní sloučeniny MeSH
• ligandy MeSH

Extraintestinal Escherichia coli infections are associated with extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) strains. A total of 114 E. coli isolates were characterized regarding their antimicrobial resistance in a prospective study of 319 broilers from 12 slaughterhouses in the Czech Republic, a European Union member, during 2008. PCR-based assays to define ExPEC-associated traits were performed in resistant strains. Consumption of antimicrobial drugs by poultry in the Czech Republic was also analyzed. Antibiotic resistance was detected in 82% of isolates. Resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin was predominant. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes, qnrB19 and qnrS1, were detected in 1 and 3 of 93 resistant isolates, respectively. Twenty-three percent of resistant isolates were considered as ExPEC. In total, 972 kg of flumequine, enrofloxacin, and difloxacin were used in poultry in the Czech Republic during 2008. High prevalence of broilers with ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli isolates was linked to consumption of quinolones in poultry. Broilers may comprise an important vehicle for community-wide dissemination of fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli and ExPEC. Withdrawal of fluoroquinolones from use in chicken production should be seriously considered in the Czech Republic and the European Union as well.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• antiinfekční látky farmakologie   MeSH
• chinolony farmakologie   MeSH
• Escherichia coli účinky léků   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• faktory virulence genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• infekce vyvolané Escherichia coli epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• kur domácí * MeSH
• maso mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mnohočetná bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• antiinfekční látky MeSH
• chinolony MeSH
• faktory virulence MeSH

The development of resistance to quinolones (nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin) in 2006-2008 was evaluated in 317 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from healthy chicken broilers from various farms. The isolates (2006/2007/2008) showed a high resistance to nalidixic acid (87/85/67 %), ciprofloxacin (CIP) (49/54/29 %) and enrofloxacin (ENR) (52/42/22 %). Nalidixic acid-resistant isolates with low level of MIC for CIP and ENR represented a single mutation; intermediary MIC for CIP and ENR were related to two mutations and high level resistance MIC for CIP (> or =4 mg/L) and ENR (> or =16 mg/L) represented three mutations (two in gyrA and one in parC). There was a correlation between the phenotype reading of high-level resistance and mutations in gyrA (Ser83Leu, Asp87Tyr or Asp87Asn) and parC (Ser80Ile) gene. Plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistance qnrS gene was detected in one Escherichia coli strain with a high level of ciprofloxacin resistance. Our results demonstrate the increase in occurrence of multiresistant E. coli strains with a high level of chromosomal and plasmid resistance to fluoroquinolones.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální chromozomy MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence * MeSH
• chinolony farmakologie   MeSH
• DNA gyráza genetika   MeSH
• DNA-topoisomerasa IV genetika   MeSH
• Escherichia coli účinky léků   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• kur domácí mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• missense mutace MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• plazmidy MeSH
• proteiny z Escherichia coli genetika   MeSH
• sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
• substituce aminokyselin MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• chinolony MeSH
• DNA gyráza MeSH
• DNA-topoisomerasa IV MeSH
• proteiny z Escherichia coli MeSH

The residual antibiotics in the environment have lately caused widespread concerns. However, little information is available on the antibiotic bioaccumulation and its health risk in drinking water resources of South China. Therefore, the occurrence, distribution, and health risk of four quinolone antibiotics including ofloxacin (OFX), norfloxacin (NOR), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and enrofloxacin (ENR) in the Qingshitan reservoir using high-performance liquid chromatography were investigated. Results revealed that the concentrations in water, sediment, and edible fish ranged from 3.49-660.13 ng/L, 1.03-722.18 μg/kg, and 6.73-968.66 μg/kg, respectively. The ecological risk assessment via the risk quotient (RQ) method showed that the values in sediment were all greater than 1, posing a high risk to the environment. The health risk index of water samples was at the maximum acceptable level, with OFX at the top while the rest were at the medium risk level. The main edible fish kinds of the reservoir had high dietary safety and the highest contaminations were found in carnivorous feeding habits and demersal habitat fishes with OFX as the highest magnitude. Source identification and correlation analysis using SPSS showed significant relationships between NOR with pH and turbidity (in water), as well as total phosphor (TP) and total organic carbon (TOC) in sediment. NOR was the highest in sediment which mostly sourced from livestock wastewater, croplands irrigation drain water, and stormwater. Correlations between CIP and ENR with TP were significant, while OFX was positively associated with total nitrogen (TN) which mainly originated from urban sewage as well as directly dosed drugs in fish farms. In conclusion, our results are of great significance for ensuring the safety of drinking water and aquatic products in this region.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• chinolony škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• geologické sedimenty chemie   MeSH
• hodnocení rizik * MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí * MeSH
• řeky chemie   MeSH
• řízení kvality MeSH
• ryby * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Čína MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
• chinolony MeSH

Growing ornamental fish industry is associated with public health concerns including extensive antibiotic use accompanied by increasing antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to analyze Aeromonas isolates from imported tropical ornamental fish and coldwater koi carps bred in the Czech Republic to assess the potential risk of ornamental fish as a source of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (PMQR) and antibiotic resistance plasmids. A collection of Aeromonas spp. with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (MIC ≥ 0.05 mg/L) was selected for the detection of PMQR genes. Isolates harbouring PMQR genes were further analyzed for the additional antibiotic resistance, integron content, clonality, biofilm production and transferability of PMQR genes by conjugation and transformation. Comparative analysis of plasmids carrying PMQR genes was performed. Fifteen (19%, n=80) isolates from koi carps and 18 (24%, n=76) isolates from imported ornamental fish were positive for qnrS2, aac(6')-Ib-cr or qnrB17 genes. PMQR-positive isolates from imported ornamental fish showed higher MIC levels to quinolones, multiresistance and diverse content of antibiotic resistance genes and integrons compared to the isolates from the carps. Related IncU plasmids harbouring qnrS2 and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes were found in Aeromonas spp. from imported ornamental fish and koi carps from various geographical areas. Ornamental fish may represent a potential source of multiresistant bacteria and mobile genetic elements for the environment and for humans.

• Klíčová slova
• Aeromonas, Ornamental fish, Plasmids, Quinolone resistance,
• MeSH
• Aeromonas genetika   MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence genetika   MeSH
• ciprofloxacin farmakologie   MeSH
• DNA primery genetika   MeSH
• gramnegativní bakteriální infekce genetika   veterinární   MeSH
• kapři mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti veterinární   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• nemoci ryb mikrobiologie   MeSH
• plazmidy genetika   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce veterinární   MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA veterinární   MeSH
• Southernův blotting veterinární   MeSH
• vodní hospodářství MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• ciprofloxacin MeSH
• DNA primery MeSH