Three hundred and ten enterococcal isolates (178 Enterococcus faecium, 68 E. durans, 49 E. faecalis, 8 E. italicus, 3 E. gallinarum, 3 E. casseliflavus, and 1 E. hirae) from Slovak Bryndza cheese were evaluated for susceptibility to nine antimicrobial agents (vancomycin, teicoplanin, ampicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin, erythromycin, rifampicin, nitrofurantoin, and ciprofloxacin). All enterococcal isolates from Bryndza cheese were susceptible to ampicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin, vancomycin, and teicoplanin as determined by the disk diffusion method. Vancomycin resistance genes vanA and vanB were not detected. Resistance rates of enterococcal isolates to rifampicin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and nitrofurantoin were 24, 26, 2, and 1 %, respectively. Thirty-six % of E. faecium isolates and 22 % of the E. faecalis isolates were resistant to erythromycin. Resistance to rifampicin was similar in E. faecium (31 %) and E. faecalis (29 %). Both E. faecium and E. faecalis strains showed the same resistance to ciprofloxacin (2 %). E. durans isolates showed low levels of resistance to rifampicin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and nitrofurantoin (1-4 %). Forty-eight (30 %) of the E. faecium isolates, two (3 %) of the E. durans isolates, and six (12 %) of the E. faecalis isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. The highest frequency of resistant enterococci was observed in Bryndza produced in winter season.

• MeSH
• antiinfekční látky farmakologie   MeSH
• Enterococcus klasifikace   účinky léků   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• léková rezistence MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• potravinářská mikrobiologie * MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• sýr mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antiinfekční látky MeSH

Strains identified in ovine cheese and bryndza by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight analysis belonged to ten species of non-enterococcal lactic acid bacteria and included Lactobacillus casei/Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactococcus lactis, Pediococcus pentosaceus and Pediococcus acidilactici. The susceptibility toward antibiotics was determined in lactobacilli, lactococci and pediococci and also in Escherichia coli for comparison. Analysis of L. fermentum and pediococci revealed the presence of non-wild-type epidemiological cut-offs in streptomycin, clindamycin or gentamicin. E. coli were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, enrofloxacin and florfenicol. No extended spectrum β-lactamases were detected.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• Bacteria účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• ovce MeSH
• sýr mikrobiologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance mechanisms of Clostridium difficile recovered in Greek hospitals during 2012-2015. METHODS: C. difficile isolates (n=88) were collected from clinically-confirmed C. difficile infection from symptomatic patients in 10 Greek hospitals. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of various antimicrobial agents were determined by Etest. Isolates were typed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Toxin and resistance genes were detected by PCR. Chromosomal mutations in gyrA, gyrB and rpoB were identified by PCR and sequencing. The genetic environment of resistance genes was characterised by Illumina sequencing. RESULTS: The 88 C. difficile isolates comprised 27 sequence types (STs), with ST37 (n=26) and ST11 (n=21) being the most prevalent. All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and metronidazole, with variable resistance rates to other antimicrobials. Of the 88 isolates, 45.5% were multidrug-resistant and the majority belonged to ST11 and ST37. The presence of chromosomal mutations in gyrA, gyrB and rpoB was mainly observed in high-risk clones such as ST11 and ST37. The antimicrobial resistance genes ermB, mefA, msrA and tetM were identified at different prevalences and combinations. Additionally, cfrB and cfrC were identified for the first time in Greece and were carried by a Tn6218 transposon and a novel plasmid, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first study examining the resistance profiles and respective mechanisms of C. difficile recovered in Greek hospitals. Gut commensals such as C. difficile may serve as hubs for further transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes.

• Klíčová slova
• ST11, ST37, Tn6218, cfrC, ermB,
• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny genetika   MeSH
• Clostridioides difficile klasifikace   účinky léků   genetika   MeSH
• klostridiové infekce mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• mnohočetná bakteriální léková rezistence genetika   MeSH
• multilokusová sekvenční typizace MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• nemocnice MeSH
• techniky typizace bakterií MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Řecko MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny MeSH

The aim of this study was to describe epidemiological and clinical characteristics of imported enteric fever in Czech travellers and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated strains. Retrospective descriptive study included adult patients treated with enteric fever at Hospital Na Bulovce during January 2004-December 2012. A case of typhoid or paratyphoid fever was defined as isolation of Salmonella Typhi or Paratyphi from blood or stool. During the study period, there have been diagnosed 19 cases of enteric fever (12 males and 7 females) with age median of 30 years; 14 cases were caused by Salmonella Typhi and 5 cases by S. Paratyphi A. The infection has been acquired in South Asia (16 patients; 84.2 %), in Africa (Egypt, Angola) in two cases (10.5 %), and in Mexico (1; 5.3 %). Symptoms included fever (all patients), diarrhoea (16 cases; 84.2 %), headache (9; 47.4 %), and abdominal pain (7; 36.8 %). Seventeen patients (89.5 %) were treated with fluoroquinolones; however, the treatment failure was observed in seven of them (41.2 %). Decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility was detected in eight strains (66.7 %), and one strain (8.3 %) was multidrug resistant. Sequence analysis of quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDR) of the gyrA gene revealed the presence of amino acid substitutions in all tested isolates with decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility. Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers represent epidemiologically important diseases that may lead to potentially life-threatening complications. Major issue in the management of enteric fever represents the non-susceptibility of Salmonella strains to fluoroquinolones and other antimicrobials.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• břišní tyfus epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• cestování MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• paratyfus epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• Salmonella enterica klasifikace   účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Asie MeSH
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Egypt MeSH
• Mexiko MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH

The diverse environmental distribution of Salmonella makes it a global source of human gastrointestinal infections. This study aimed to detect Salmonella spp. and explore their diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in clinical and environmental samples. Pre-enrichment, selective enrichment, and selective plating techniques were adopted for the Salmonella detection whereas the API 20E test and Vitek Compact 2 system were used to confirm the identity of isolates. Salmonella serovars were subjected to molecular confirmation by 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Disc diffusion method and Vitek 2 Compact system determined the antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella serovars. Multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) was calculated to explore whether Salmonella serovars originate from areas with heavy antibiotic usage. Results depicted low Salmonella prevalence in clinical and environmental samples (3.5%). The main detected serovars included Salmonella Typhimurium, S. enteritidis, S. Infantis, S. Newlands, S. Heidelberg, S. Indian, S. Reading, and S. paratyphi C. All the detected Salmonella serovars (27) exhibited multidrug resistance to three or more antimicrobial classes. The study concludes that the overall Salmonella serovars prevalence was found to be low in environmental and clinical samples of Western Saudi Arabia (Makkah and Jeddah). However, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of human and environmental Salmonella serovars revealed that all isolates exhibited multidrug-resistance (MDR) patterns to frequently used antibiotics, which might reflect antibiotic overuse in clinical and veterinary medicine. It would be suitable to apply and enforce rules and regulations from the One Health approach, which aim to prevent antibiotic resistance infections, enhance food safety, and improve human and animal health, given that all Salmonella spp. detected in this investigation were exhibiting MDR patterns.

• Klíčová slova
• Salmonella, 16S rDNA, Antimicrobial resistance, Clinical, Environmental,
• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky * farmakologie   MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti * MeSH
• mikrobiologie životního prostředí MeSH
• mnohočetná bakteriální léková rezistence * MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S * genetika   MeSH
• Salmonella enterica * účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   klasifikace   MeSH
• salmonelóza * mikrobiologie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• séroskupina * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Saudská Arábie epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky * MeSH
• DNA bakterií MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S * MeSH

Animals including food animals play a significant role in the epidemiology of Salmonella enterica. The control requires identification of sources and institution of targeted interventions. This study investigates the diversity of S. enterica serovars, antimicrobial susceptibility, and occurrence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in pigs in Ibadan, Nigeria. Pooled fresh pen floor fecal samples of pigs collected from 31 pig farms were cultured; the Salmonella isolates were serotyped and their antimicrobial susceptibility was determined. PMQR genes were screened by polymerase chain reaction. The 229 Salmonella isolates were made of 50 serovars predominated by rare serovars Salmonella Give (n = 36; 15.7 %), Salmonella Brancaster (n = 17; 7.4 %), Salmonella Colindale (n = 15; 6.6 %), Salmonella Elisaberthville (n = 13; 5.7 %), Salmonella Hillingdon (n = 13; 5.7 %), and Salmonella Kingston (n = 13; 5.7 %). The most widely distributed serovars among the farms were Salmonella Give (six farms) and Salmonella Elisaberthville (six farms). Resistance to chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, and tetracycline ranged from 11.6 % (n = 26) to 22.8 % (n = 51). Resistance ciprofloxacin and gentamicin was low (n = 2; 0.9 %). Multiply resistant isolates included Salmonella Kentucky, the most resistant serovar. qnrB19 was found in two isolates of Salmonella Corvallis and one isolate of Salmonella Larochelle, respectively, while qnrS1 was found in two isolates of Salmonella Derby. Other PMQR genes were not detected. Pigs constitute an important source of diverse Salmonella serovars in Ibadan. The isolates were more resistant to old antimicrobials with some multiple resistant. Control measures and regulation of antimicrobials are warranted.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální geny MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• feces mikrobiologie   MeSH
• hospodářská zvířata MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• plazmidy MeSH
• prasata mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Salmonella enterica klasifikace   účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• sérotypizace * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Nigérie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• DNA bakterií MeSH

The present work was aimed at a comparative study of oxygen-dependent metabolism (OM) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities as well as the content of bactericidal cationic proteins (BCP) in polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) from mammals and birds with different susceptibility to plague (mice, guinea pigs, rats, great and miday gerbils, rabbits, dogs, pigeons and man). The experimental finding of an association between infectious susceptibility and functioning of the major PMNL bactericidal systems (OM activity and BCP content) indicates that the magnitude of antimicrobial potential of professional phagocytes is a factor determining species susceptibility to plague. The intermediate and high levels of MPO activity detected in all the species studied except in pigeons suggest involvement of the MPO-H2O2-halide cytocidal system of PMNL in destroying Y. pestis.

• MeSH
• baktericidní aktivita krve MeSH
• Columbidae MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• fagocytóza MeSH
• hlodavci MeSH
• kationické antimikrobiální peptidy MeSH
• králíci MeSH
• krevní proteiny analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• membránové proteiny * MeSH
• mor imunologie   MeSH
• náchylnost k nemoci MeSH
• neutrofily enzymologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• ovce MeSH
• peroxidasa metabolismus   MeSH
• přirozená imunita MeSH
• psi MeSH
• spotřeba kyslíku * MeSH
• Yersinia pestis imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• králíci MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• psi MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bactericidal permeability increasing protein MeSH Prohlížeč
• kationické antimikrobiální peptidy MeSH
• krevní proteiny MeSH
• membránové proteiny * MeSH
• peroxidasa MeSH

Limited data regarding the susceptibility of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae to antimicrobials has been published during recent years. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to investigate the distribution of MICs for the isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae from diseased pigs in the Czech Republic between 2007 and 2009. A total of 242 isolates were tested for susceptibility to 16 antimicrobial agents by a broth microdilution method. A low degree of resistance was observed for florfenicol (0.8%), amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (0.8%), tilmicosin (1.2%), tiamulin (1.7%) and ampicillin (3.3%), whereas resistance to tetracycline was detected more frequently, 23.9% of isolates. Interestingly, resistance to florfenicol has not yet been reported in any study investigating antimicrobial resistance of A. pleuropneumoniae. By PCR the presence of the floR gene was confirmed in all florfenicol resistant isolates.

• MeSH
• Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae účinky léků   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• amoxicilin farmakologie   MeSH
• ampicilin farmakologie   MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální geny MeSH
• diterpeny farmakologie   MeSH
• kyselina klavulanová farmakologie   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• nemoci prasat epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• prasata mikrobiologie   MeSH
• tetracyklin farmakologie   MeSH
• thiamfenikol analogy a deriváty   farmakologie   MeSH
• tylosin analogy a deriváty   farmakologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• amoxicilin MeSH
• ampicilin MeSH
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• diterpeny MeSH
• florfenicol MeSH Prohlížeč
• kyselina klavulanová MeSH
• tetracyklin MeSH
• thiamfenikol MeSH
• tiamulin MeSH Prohlížeč
• tilmicosin MeSH Prohlížeč
• tylosin MeSH

The antimicrobial susceptibility of 30 clinical and 30 food Bacillus cereus isolates was determined. All isolates were susceptible to streptomycin, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin, 90 % of them to clindamycin and vancomycin, and 67 % to erythromycin. All isolates were resistant to amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, ampicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, cloxacillin, cefotaxime with clavulanic acid and penicillin. The MIC values (determined by E-tests) were 48-256 mg/L for ampicillin, 0.19-1.5 mg/L for gentamicin, 0.125-1.0 mg/L for clindamycin, 0.047-4.0 mg/L for erythromycin and 1.5-16 mg/L for vancomycin. The MICs 4.6-18.75 g/L were observed for penicillin using the microdilution method. The presence of metallo-beta-lactamases was detected by E-test for 100 % of strains. Nonhemolytic diarrheal enterotoxin (NHE) was produced by 98.3 % of strains, while 31.7 % of them produced hemolytic diarrheal enterotoxin (HBL). Clinical isolates produced 10 % more HBL than food isolates. The psychrotrophic strains isolated from food samples produced NHE at 6.5 degrees C in 73 % of cases.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• Bacillus cereus genetika   izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• beta-laktamasy metabolismus   MeSH
• enterotoxiny metabolismus   MeSH
• grampozitivní bakteriální infekce mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kontaminace potravin * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• mnohočetná bakteriální léková rezistence * MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• beta-laktamasy MeSH
• enterotoxiny MeSH

The bacterial and fungal flora of the external ear canal of dogs with otitis externa and of healthy dogs were studied. The most frequently isolated microorganism from otitic ears was Staphylococcus intermedius (58.8%), followed by Malassezia pachydermatis (30.9%), Streptococcus canis (29.9%), Proteus spp. (14.4%) and Escherichia coli (10.3%). A statistical analysis of our results showed that the prevalence of these microorganisms is significant in dogs with otitis externa. Furthermore, the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolated strains were determined. Majority of all bacterial isolates were most susceptible to gentamicin. Malassezia pachydermatis, the most prevalent yeast in this study, showed an excellent level of susceptibility to all antifungal agents tested.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence * MeSH
• fungální léková rezistence * MeSH
• Malassezia účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti veterinární   MeSH
• nemoci psů farmakoterapie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• otitis externa farmakoterapie   mikrobiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• psi MeSH
• Staphylococcus účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Streptococcus účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• ucho mikrobiologie   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• psi MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH