1. Two experiments were conducted to measure the response of growing turkeys to dietary protein content. In the first, 960 sexed British United Turkey (BUT 6) poults were used to measure the response to balanced protein from 3 to 6 weeks of age. In the second, 1440 sexed BUT and Hybrid Converter poults were raised from 14 to 17 weeks.2. In both experiments, six levels of dietary protein were fed, with feed intake, body and feather weight gain and changes in body composition measured. The levels of protein chosen ranged from 0.53 to 1.2 of the Aviagen requirements for growing turkeys.3. In the first experiment, six poults were sampled from each sex at the start of the experiment for carcass analysis, and four were sampled from each strain and sex in the second. At the end of each experiment, eight poults from each treatment were sampled. Body composition analyses were made on individual defeathered birds.4. Weight gain increased linearly with protein intake in the early period and exponentially in the later period. In both periods, feed intake decreased as protein content reduced.5. In the early period, body lipid content increased from 20.2 to 41.5 g/kg body weight, as dietary protein content decreased, but there was no change in the later period. Efficiency of utilisation of dietary protein declined linearly with an increase in dietary protein content, from 0.87 to 0.46 g/g in the first, and from 0.43 to 0.27 g/g in the later period.6. The inability of the growing turkey to increase feed intake on marginally limiting feeds may have been due to a genetic constraints to store excess energy consumed as body lipid, resulting in the observed decrease in feed intake as dietary protein content is reduced.

• Klíčová slova
• Nutrition, feed intake, lipid deposition, protein efficiency, protein growth,
• MeSH
• dietní proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• hmotnostní přírůstek MeSH
• krmivo pro zvířata analýza   MeSH
• krocani * MeSH
• kur domácí * MeSH
• lipidy MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dietní proteiny MeSH
• lipidy MeSH

1. The following experiment was designed to confirm that the efficiency of dietary protein utilisation (ep) can be reduced when the AMEn to digestible crude protein (DCP) ratio of the feed falls below a critical level. In addition, whether the efficiency would be improved at high DCP contents through the addition of oil or starch was determined.2. A 14d trial (starting at 21 d of age), using BUT 6 turkeys, was designed to measure the effects on ep of four feeds (12.1 MJ AMEn/kg) with AMEn:DCP ratios ranging from 45 to 72 MJ AMEn/kg, and two additional feeds with the same DCP as the highest protein feed, one with an AMEn:DCP ratio of 59, through the addition of canola oil, and the other with a ratio of 51 MJ/kg supplemented with both starch and oil. Twenty birds constituted each experimental unit, with two replications of each sex being used per dietary treatment.3. Ten birds per sex were sampled at the start of the trial and a further five per pen at the end for carcass analysis. Each carcass including feathers was ground and subsampled for water, protein and lipid determination.4. A split-line regression described ep on the four feeds unsupplemented with additional energy (R2 = 0.81) with breakpoint at 60.6 MJ AME/kg DCP, maximum ep at 0.736 g/g, and a slope of 0.017. No improvement in ep resulted from supplementing the high protein feed with oil or a mixture of oil and starch, but feed intake and protein and lipid retention increased significantly (P < 0.05).5. The argument that insufficient energy is available to enable high protein feeds to be utilised efficiently was not corroborated by the evidence from this trial.

• Klíčová slova
• Nutrition, feed formulation, lipid deposition, protein efficiency,
• MeSH
• dieta veterinární   MeSH
• dietní proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• energetický metabolismus MeSH
• fyziologie výživy zvířat * MeSH
• krmivo pro zvířata analýza   MeSH
• kur domácí * metabolismus   MeSH
• lipidy MeSH
• škrob metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky veterinární MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dietní proteiny MeSH
• lipidy MeSH
• škrob MeSH

Proteins play a crucial role in metabolism, in maintaining fluid and acid-base balance and antibody synthesis. Dietary proteins are important nutrients and are classified into: 1) animal proteins (meat, fish, poultry, eggs and dairy), and, 2) plant proteins (legumes, nuts and soy). Dietary modification is one of the most important lifestyle changes that has been shown to significantly decrease the risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD) by attenuating related risk factors. The CVD burden is reduced by optimum diet through replacement of unprocessed meat with low saturated fat, animal proteins and plant proteins. In view of the available evidence, it has become acceptable to emphasize the role of optimum nutrition to maintain arterial and CV health. Such healthy diets are thought to increase satiety, facilitate weight loss, and improve CV risk. Different studies have compared the benefits of omnivorous and vegetarian diets. Animal protein related risk has been suggested to be greater with red or processed meat over and above poultry, fish and nuts, which carry a lower risk for CVD. In contrast, others have shown no association of red meat intake with CVD. The aim of this expert opinion recommendation was to elucidate the different impact of animal vs vegetable protein on modifying cardiometabolic risk factors. Many observational and interventional studies confirmed that increasing protein intake, especially plant-based proteins and certain animal-based proteins (poultry, fish, unprocessed red meat low in saturated fats and low-fat dairy products) have a positive effect in modifying cardiometabolic risk factors. Red meat intake correlates with increased CVD risk, mainly because of its non-protein ingredients (saturated fats). However, the way red meat is cooked and preserved matters. Thus, it is recommended to substitute red meat with poultry or fish in order to lower CVD risk. Specific amino acids have favourable results in modifying major risk factors for CVD, such as hypertension. Apart from meat, other animal-source proteins, like those found in dairy products (especially whey protein) are inversely correlated to hypertension, obesity and insulin resistance.

• Klíčová slova
• Cardiovascular disease, Cholesterol, Dietary protein, Metabolic syndrome, Weight loss,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kardiometabolické riziko MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny ve výživě aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• výživové doporučené dávky * MeSH
• zdravá strava metody   MeSH
• živočišné proteiny ve stravě aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• rostlinné proteiny ve výživě MeSH
• živočišné proteiny ve stravě MeSH

The effect of 3 months feeding with diets of different protein and sucrose content (9% casein + 70% sucrose vs. 18% casein + 61% sucrose) on the development of diabetic nephropathy and changes in serum lipid spectrum was investigated in rats with insulin-dependent diabetes (streptozotocin 45 mg.kg-1). Metabolism of diabetic animals (before the nutritional regimen) was characterized by hyperglycaemia, moderate hyperlipidemia, lipid accumulation in the liver and elevated creatinine concentration in the blood. Kidney weight and protein content were not significantly changed. Histological picture of kidneys showed initial changes of glomerular structure. After three months hyperlipoproteinaemia was more accentuated in animals given either of the two diets, the kidneys were hypertrophic with a higher protein content and displayed morphological changes of diabetic nephropathy. Animals given the low-protein diet developed smaller morphological changes both in glomeruli and tubuli. The study indicates that dietary protein and not hyperlipoproteinaemia is the major factor, which may significantly influence the progress of diabetic nephropathy.

• MeSH
• cholesterol krev   metabolismus   MeSH
• dietní proteiny farmakologie   MeSH
• experimentální diabetes mellitus patologie   MeSH
• glomerulus účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• játra metabolismus   MeSH
• kreatinin krev   MeSH
• krevní glukóza metabolismus   MeSH
• krevní proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• ledviny účinky léků   patologie   MeSH
• lipidy krev   MeSH
• metabolismus lipidů MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• sacharosa farmakologie   MeSH
• triglyceridy krev   metabolismus   MeSH
• velikost orgánu účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cholesterol MeSH
• dietní proteiny MeSH
• kreatinin MeSH
• krevní glukóza MeSH
• krevní proteiny MeSH
• lipidy MeSH
• sacharosa MeSH
• triglyceridy MeSH

An increase in dietary protein intake has been shown to improve weight loss maintenance in the DIOGenes trial. Here, we analysed whether the source of the dietary proteins influenced changes in body weight, body composition, and cardiometabolic risk factors during the weight maintenance period while following an energy-restricted diet. 489 overweight or obese participants of the DIOGenes trial from eight European countries were included. They successfully lost >8% of body weight and subsequently completed a six month weight maintenance period, in which they consumed an ad libitum diet varying in protein content and glycemic index. Dietary intake was estimated from three-day food diaries. A higher plant protein intake with a proportional decrease in animal protein intake did not affect body weight maintenance or cardiometabolic risk factors. A higher plant protein intake from non-cereal products instead of cereal products was associated with benefits for body weight maintenance and blood pressure. Substituting meat protein for protein from other animal sources increased insulin and HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance). This analysis suggests that not only the amount of dietary proteins, but also the source may be important for weight and cardiometabolic risk management. However, randomized trials are needed to test the causality of these associations.

• Klíčová slova
• animal protein, cardiometabolic risk factors, cereal protein, diet, meat protein, obesity, plant protein, protein sources, weight loss maintenance,
• MeSH
• analýza potravin * MeSH
• dietní proteiny aplikace a dávkování   analýza   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• energetický příjem MeSH
• hmotnostní přírůstek MeSH
• hmotnostní úbytek MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• redukční dieta MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• složení těla * MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost * MeSH
• udržení hmotnosti MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dietní proteiny MeSH

Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank, 1781) is a cosmopolitan generalist feeder that prefers foodstuffs of high-fat and high-protein content. Our aim was to investigate the population growth of T. putrescentiae after long-term nutritional adaptation to two distinct diets that are commonly infested in the synanthropic environment. Crushed dry dog food kernels provided a high-fat, high-protein, and low-carbohydrate diet, whereas wholemeal spelt flour provided a low-protein, low-fat, and high-carbohydrate diet. After >6 mo of nutritional adaptation, each of the two populations were used in two 28-d population growth tests: one that mites remained on their adaptation diet (homogenous diet treatment) and one that mites underwent a dietary switch (dietary switch treatment). Dietary treatment, nutritional adaptation, and their interaction all significantly influenced population growth. The homogenous diet treatment showed 7.5 times higher growth on the dog food diet than on flour. In the dietary switch, flour-adapted mites switching to dog food experienced five times greater population growth than the flour-adapted mites remained on flour, whereas the dog food-adapted population showed a 2.8-fold decrease in population growth when transferred to the flour. A comparison of means between the two dietary switch treatments showed a 1.9-fold higher population growth after flour-adapted mites were shifted to dog food than when the dog food-adapted mites were shifted to flour. We demonstrated that T. putrescentiae is able survive and reproduce for many generations on dry dog food and flour with different levels of success. High-fat and -protein food accelerated T. putrescentiae population growth compared with the high-carbohydrate diet.

• Klíčová slova
• Tyrophagus putrescentiae, adaptive trait, dietary switch, dry dog food, nutritional adaptation,
• MeSH
• Acaridae metabolismus   MeSH
• aklimatizace fyziologie   MeSH
• dietní proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• dietní tuky metabolismus   MeSH
• fyziologie výživy zvířat MeSH
• krmivo pro zvířata MeSH
• mouka MeSH
• populační růst MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dietní proteiny MeSH
• dietní tuky MeSH

The present study investigated the hypothesis that dietary concentrations of leucine (Leu) in excess of the breeder´s recommendations activates protein synthesis and decreases protein degradation in muscle of broilers. Day-old male Ross 308 broilers (n = 450) were phase-fed corn-soybean meal-based diets during starter (d 1-10), grower (d 11-22), and finisher (d 23-34) period. The basal diets fed to the control group (L0) met the broilers' requirements for nutrients and amino acids, and contained Leu, Leu:isoleucine (Ile) and Leu:valine (Val) ratios, close to those recommended by the breeder (Leu:Ile: 100:54, 100:52, 100:51; Leu:Val 100:64, 100:61, 100:58; in starter, grower and finisher diet, resp.). Basal diets were supplemented with Leu to exceed the breeder's recommendations by 35% (group L35) and 60% (group L60). Growth performance during 34 d, and carcass weights, and breast and thigh muscle weights on d 34 were similar among groups. Hepatic and muscle mRNA levels of genes involved in the somatotropic axis [growth hormone receptor, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, IGF binding protein 2, IGF receptor] on d 34 were not influenced by Leu. In the breast muscle, relative mRNA abundances of genes involved in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway of protein synthesis (mTOR, ribosomal p70 S6 kinase) and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway of protein degradation (F-box only protein 32, Forkhead box protein O1, Muscle RING-finger protein-1) on d 34 were largely similar among groups. Likewise, relative phosphorylation and thus activation of mTOR and ribosomal protein S6 involved in the mTOR pathway, and of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A (eIF2a) involved in the general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2)/eIF2a pathway of protein synthesis inhibition, were not influenced. These data indicate that dietary Leu concentrations exceeding the broiler´s requirements up to 60% neither influence protein synthesis nor degradation pathways nor muscle growth in growing broilers.

• Klíčová slova
• Broiler performance, carcass quality, leucine, protein degradation, protein synthesis,
• MeSH
• dieta veterinární   MeSH
• fyziologie výživy zvířat MeSH
• hmotnostní přírůstek MeSH
• isoleucin aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• kosterní svaly metabolismus   MeSH
• krmivo pro zvířata analýza   MeSH
• kur domácí fyziologie   MeSH
• leucin aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• messenger RNA genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• potravní doplňky MeSH
• regulace genové exprese účinky léků   MeSH
• složení těla MeSH
• svalové proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• valin aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky veterinární MeSH
• Názvy látek
• isoleucin MeSH
• leucin MeSH
• messenger RNA MeSH
• svalové proteiny MeSH
• valin MeSH

Vascular calcification was once regarded as an advanced stage of atherosclerosis only. However, calcification is currently considered as highly regulated and potentially reversible process.Matrix Gla protein (MGP) represents natural inhibitor of vascular calcification, whereas vitamin K is key co-factor of its maturation to the active form. There is accumulating evidence that vitamin K status and corresponding MGP activity may influence cardiovascular risk. This review summarizes pathophysiological mechanism and recent evidence relative to MGP. Moreover, available data concerning vitamin K supplementation are depicted.

• Klíčová slova
• cardiovascular diseases., matrix Gla protein, vascular calcifications, vitamin K,
• MeSH
• antifibrinolytika terapeutické užití   MeSH
• extracelulární matrix - proteiny terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• matrixový protein Gla MeSH
• potravní doplňky MeSH
• proteiny vázající vápník terapeutické užití   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• vaskulární kalcifikace prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• vitamin K terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antifibrinolytika MeSH
• extracelulární matrix - proteiny MeSH
• proteiny vázající vápník MeSH
• vitamin K MeSH

This study investigates the combined effect of immunocastration, dietary protein level (low, medium or high) and ractopamine hydrochloride supplementation (0 or 10 mg/kg) on the adipose concentrations of androstenone, skatole and indole in pigs, and explores whether body mass, carcass fatness or testicular parameters may be indicators of boar taint in these carcasses. Immunocastration was successful in decreasing testicle functioning, and adipose androstenone and skatole concentrations, in all individuals. Immunocastration decreased testicle weight and length, seminiferous tubule circumference and epithelium thickness. Testicle tissue from immunocastrates was also paler, and less red in color, in comparison to non-castrated controls. Dietary protein level and ractopamine hydrochloride supplementation had no influence on the adipose concentration of androstenone, skatole and indole. Testicle size and color were moderate to strong indicators of androstenone and skatole concentrations in the carcasses, and thus vaccination success. Immunocastration together with the adjustment of dietary protein and ractopamine hydrochloride supplementation, is successful in preventing boar taint while maintaining growth performance.

• Klíčová slova
• GnRH, Improvac, androstenone, dietary protein, ractopamine hydrochloride, skatole, testicles,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Lupine seeds have the potential to be an alternative to imported dietary proteins. In rabbits, it has been indicated that White lupine seed (WLS) is a suitable protein source. Other lupine species, for example, narrow-leaved lupine seed (NLS), have not yet been tested in rabbit diets. Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of the dietary inclusion of NLS on growth performance, sanitary risk index (SRI), coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) and nitrogen output in fattening rabbits. Narrow-leaved lupine was compared with WLS as a main protein source. For Experiment I, a total of 198 Hyplus rabbits (37 days of age) were allocated into two groups (99 rabbits per group), fed the WLS I diet (120 g/kg of WLS cv. Amiga) or the NLS I diet (150 g/kg of NLS cv. Probor), and used for performance and carcass trait evaluations. In addition, the CTTAD of the diets and the nitrogen output were determined in 10 Hyplus rabbits per treatment (37 days of age). For Experiment II, a total of 180 Hyplus rabbits (32 days of age) were allocated into two groups (90 rabbits per group), fed the WLS II diet (120 g/kg of WLS cv. Amiga) or the NLS II diet (130 g/kg of NLS cv. Primadona), and used for performance and carcass trait evaluations. In addition, the CTTAD of the diets was determined in 10 Hyplus rabbits per treatment (32 days of age). Regardless of the treatment, the dietary inclusion of NLS had a negative effect on growth of the rabbits. The nitrogen excretion and coefficients of nitrogen retention of rabbits were not affected by the treatments. In Experiment I, SRI (37 to 80 days of age) was higher in rabbits fed the NLS I diet than in those fed the WLS I diet (38.4% v. 23.2%, respectively; P = 0.031). Similarly, in Experiment II (32 to 74 days of age), SRI was higher in rabbits fed the NLS II diet than in rabbits fed the WLS II diet (37.8% v. 23.3%, respectively; P = 0.052). In conclusion, regardless of the variety, the dietary inclusion of NLS had no negative effect on the nitrogen output or dressing-out percentage of rabbits when compared to those of rabbits fed the WLS diets. With respect to the SRI and performance, however, NLS did not provide a satisfactory outcome.

• Klíčová slova
• growth, health, legumes, nitrogen retention, rabbit,
• MeSH
• dieta veterinární   MeSH
• dietní proteiny analýza   MeSH
• dusík metabolismus   MeSH
• gastrointestinální trakt fyziologie   MeSH
• králíci růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• krmivo pro zvířata analýza   MeSH
• listy rostlin MeSH
• Lupinus * MeSH
• náhodné rozdělení MeSH
• semena rostlinná MeSH
• trávení MeSH
• zdravotní stav MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• králíci růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dietní proteiny MeSH
• dusík MeSH