energy budget Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
Detritus (decaying organic matter) and phyllodes of mosses are two main components in the diet of groundhoppers (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae). We studied the energy balance of consumed food under laboratory conditions in the detrito-bryophagous groundhopper, Tetrix subulata (Linnaeus, 1758). The results indicated that the energy food budget of this detrito-bryophagous groundhopper was comparable to those of small herbivorous grasshoppers (Acrididae: Gomphocerinae, Melanoplinae), which have a similar energy food budget of approximately 800-1,100 J/g. T. subulata consumed four times more detritus than mosses, although both components provided similar amounts of energy (ca. 15-16 kJ/g). However, in contrast with detritus, moss fragments passed through the digestive tract without a distinct change in their mass or a loss in their energy value. We assume that moss may cause the longer retention of semifluid mass of partly digested food in the alimentary tract; hence, the digestion and efficiency of nutrient absorption from detritus could be more effective.
- Klíčová slova
- Calorimetry, Dietary preferences, Energy budget, Foraging strategy, Herbivory,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The assimilation of N-NO3- requires more energy than that of N-NH4+ . This becomes relevant when energy is limiting and may impinge differently on cell energy budget depending on depth, time of the day and season. We hypothesize that N-limited and energy-limited cells of the oceanic cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. differ in their response to the N source with respect to growth, elemental stoichiometry and carbon allocation. Under N limitation, cells retained almost absolute homeostasis of elemental and organic composition, and the use of NH4+ did not stimulate growth. When energy was limiting, however, Synechococcus grew faster in NH4+ than in NO3- and had higher C (20%), N (38%) and S (30%) cell quotas. Furthermore, more C was allocated to protein, whereas the carbohydrate and lipid pool size did not change appreciably. Energy limitation also led to a higher photosynthetic rate relative to N limitation. We interpret these results as an indication that, under energy limitation, the use of the least expensive N source allowed a spillover of the energy saved from N assimilation to the assimilation of other nutrients. The change in elemental stoichiometry influenced C allocation, inducing an increase in cell protein, which resulted in a stimulation of photosynthesis and growth.
- Klíčová slova
- FTIR, carbon allocation, cyanobacteria, elemental stoichiometry, energy, nitrogen,
- MeSH
- adenosintrifosfát metabolismus MeSH
- amoniové sloučeniny farmakologie MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- dusičnany farmakologie MeSH
- dusík metabolismus MeSH
- energetický metabolismus * účinky léků MeSH
- fosfor metabolismus MeSH
- fotosyntéza účinky léků MeSH
- kyslík metabolismus MeSH
- lipidy analýza MeSH
- sacharidy analýza MeSH
- síra metabolismus MeSH
- Synechococcus cytologie účinky léků růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- uhlík metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- adenosintrifosfát MeSH
- amoniové sloučeniny MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny MeSH
- dusičnany MeSH
- dusík MeSH
- fosfor MeSH
- kyslík MeSH
- lipidy MeSH
- sacharidy MeSH
- síra MeSH
- uhlík MeSH
Many ectothermic organisms counter harsh abiotic conditions by seeking refuge in underground retreats. Variations in soil hydrothermal properties within these retreats may impact their energy budget, survival and population dynamics. This makes retreat site choice a critical yet understudied component of their strategies for coping with climate change. We used a mechanistic modelling approach to explore the implications of behavioural adjustments and seasonal acclimation of metabolic rate on retreat depth and the energy budget of ectotherms, considering both current and future climate conditions. We used a temperate amphibian, the alpine newt (Ichthyosaura alpestris), as a model species. Our simulations predict an interactive influence of different thermo- and hydroregulatory strategies on the vertical positioning of individuals in underground refuges. The adoption of a particular strategy largely determines the impact of climate change on retreat site choice. Additionally, we found that, given the behavioural thermoregulation/hydroregulation and metabolic acclimation patterns considered, behaviour within the retreat has a greater impact on ectotherm energetics than acclimation of metabolic rate under different climate change scenarios. We conclude that further empirical research aimed at determining ectotherm behavioural strategies during both surface activity and inactivity is needed to understand their population dynamics and species viability under climate change.
- Klíčová slova
- energy budget, hydroregulation, mechanistic niche modelling, retreat site choice, thermoregulation,
- MeSH
- aklimatizace * MeSH
- chování zvířat fyziologie MeSH
- klimatické změny * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- půda MeSH
- teplota MeSH
- termoregulace MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- půda MeSH
Since wetlands are ecosystems that have an ample supply of water, they play an important role in the energy budgets of their respective landscapes due to their capacity to shift energy fluxes in favor of latent heat. Rates of evapotranspiration in wetlands are commonly as high as 6-15 mm day⁻¹, testifying to the large amount of energy that is dissipated through this process. Emergent or semi-emergent wetland macrophytes substantially influence the solar energy distribution due to their high capacity for transpiration. Wetland ecosystems in eutrophic habitats show a high primary production of biomass because of the highly efficient use of solar energy in photosynthesis. In wetlands associated with the slow decomposition of dead organic matter, such as oligotrophic marshes or fens and bogs, the accumulation of biomass is also high, in spite of the rather low primary production of biomass. Most of the energy exchange in water-saturated wetlands is, however, linked with heat balance, whereby the largest proportion of the incoming energy is dissipated during the process of evapotranspiration. An example is shown of energy fluxes during the course of a day in the wetland ecosystem of Mokré Louky (Wet Meadows) near Třeboň. The negative consequences of the loss of wetlands for the local and regional climate are discussed.
Conventional agricultural practices and rising energy crisis create a question about the sustainability of the present-day food production system. Nutrient exhaustive crops can have a severe impact on native soil fertility by causing nutrient mining. In this backdrop, we conducted a comprehensive assessment of bio-priming intervention in red cabbage production considering nutrient uptake, the annual change in soil fertility, nutrient use efficiency, energy budgeting, and economic benefits for its sustainable intensification, among resource-poor farmers of Middle Gangetic Plains. The compatible microbial agents used in the study include Trichoderma harzianum, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Bacillus subtilis. Field assays (2016-2017 and 2017-2018) of the present study revealed supplementing 75% of recommended NPK fertilizer with dual inoculation of T. harzianum and P. fluorescens increased macronutrient uptake (N, P, and K), root length, heading percentage, head diameter, head weight, and the total weight of red cabbage along with a positive annual change in soil organic carbon. Maximum positive annual change in available N and available P was recorded under 75% RDF + P. fluorescens + B. subtilis and 75% RDF + T. harzianum + B. subtilis, respectively. Bio-primed plants were also higher in terms of growth and nutrient use efficiency (agronomic efficiency, physiological efficiency, apparent recovery efficiency, partial factor productivity). Energy output (26,370 and 26,630 MJ ha-1), energy balance (13,643 and 13,903 MJ ha-1), maximum gross return (US $ 16,030 and 13,877 ha-1), and net return (US $ 15,966 and 13,813 ha-1) were considerably higher in T. harzianum, and P. fluorescens treated plants. The results suggest the significance of the bio-priming approach under existing integrated nutrient management strategies and the role of dual inoculations in producing synergistic effects on plant growth and maintaining the soil, food, and energy nexus.
- MeSH
- Brassica fyziologie MeSH
- dusík chemie metabolismus MeSH
- energetický metabolismus MeSH
- fertilizace * MeSH
- fyziologie rostlin * MeSH
- mikrobiota * MeSH
- minerály * MeSH
- pěstování plodin MeSH
- průmyslová hnojiva MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- rhizosféra * MeSH
- uhlík chemie MeSH
- vývoj rostlin * MeSH
- živiny * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- dusík MeSH
- minerály * MeSH
- průmyslová hnojiva MeSH
- půda MeSH
- uhlík MeSH
Human-robot interaction is becoming an integral part of practice. There is a greater emphasis on safety in workplaces where a robot may bump into a worker. In practice, there are solutions that control the robot based on the potential energy in a collision or a robot re-planning the straight-line trajectory. However, a sensor system must be designed to detect obstacles across the human-robot shared workspace. So far, there is no procedure that engineers can follow in practice to deploy sensors ideally. We come up with the idea of classifying the space as an importance index, which determines what part of the workspace sensors should sense to ensure ideal obstacle sensing. Then, the ideal camera positions can be automatically found according to this classified map. Based on the experiment, the coverage of the important volume by the calculated camera position in the workspace was found to be on average 37% greater compared to a camera placed intuitively by test subjects. Using two cameras at the workplace, the calculated positions were 27% more effective than the subjects' camera positions. Furthermore, for three cameras, the calculated positions were 13% better than the subjects' camera positions, with a total coverage of more than 99% of the classified map.
- Klíčová slova
- camera, collaboration, human–robot interaction, sensors network, workspace monitoring,
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- robotika * metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Resting metabolic rate (RMR), i.e. spent energy necessary to maintain basic life functions, is a basic component of energy budget in ectotherms. The evolution of RMR through natural selection rests on the premise of its non-zero repeatability and heritability, i.e. consistent variation within individual lifetimes and resemblance between parents and their offspring, respectively. Joint estimates of RMR repeatability and heritability are missing in ectotherms, however, which precludes estimations of the evolutionary potential of this trait. We examined RMR repeatability and heritability in a long-lived ectotherm, the alpine newt (Ichthyosaura alpestris). Individual RMR was repeatable over both six-month (0.28 ± 0.09 [SE]) and five-year (0.16 ± 0.07) periods. While there was no resemblance between parent and offspring RMR (0.21 ± 0.34), the trait showed similarity among offspring within families (broad-sense heritability; 0.25 ± 0.09). Similar repeatability and broad-sense heritability values in parental and offspring generations, respectively, and non-conclusive narrow-sense heritability suggest the contribution of non-additive genetic factors to total phenotypic variance in this trait. We conclude that RMR evolutionary trajectories are shaped by other processes than natural selection in this long-lived ectotherm.
- Klíčová slova
- Energy metabolism, Full-sib analysis, Individual variation, Natural selection, Parent-offspring,
- MeSH
- bazální metabolismus genetika MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- Salamandridae fyziologie MeSH
- selekce (genetika) MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Brain diseases represent one of the largest strains in the developed societies of the modem world. The major lost is in the indirect expenses caused by psychical disorders. Psychiatric diseases start frequently in childhood, affect from the life lasting view one half of the population and frequently result in disablement. Administrative of the World Health Organization and of European Union consider these problems highly important and require emancipation of psychically disabled, including the financial support for the care. Only 4% of the National Budget is directed to that sector in Czech Republic, which is the second lowest share (after Slovakia).
- MeSH
- duševní poruchy * ekonomika epidemiologie terapie MeSH
- Evropská unie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- náklady na zdravotní péči * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- anglický abstrakt MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika epidemiologie MeSH
- Evropa epidemiologie MeSH
Amorphous germanium films on nonrefractory glass substrates were annealed by ultrashort near-infrared (1030 nm, 1.4 ps) and mid-infrared (1500 nm, 70 fs) laser pulses. Crystallization of germanium irradiated at a laser energy density (fluence) range from 25 to 400 mJ/cm2 under single-shot and multishot conditions was investigated using Raman spectroscopy. The dependence of the fraction of the crystalline phase on the fluence was obtained for picosecond and femtosecond laser annealing. The regimes of almost complete crystallization of germanium films over the entire thickness were obtained (from the analysis of Raman spectra with excitation of 785 nm laser). The possibility of scanning laser processing is shown, which can be used to create films of micro- and nanocrystalline germanium on flexible substrates.
- Klíčová slova
- Raman spectroscopy, crystallization, germanium, nonrefractory substrates, thin films, ultrashort infrared laser annealing,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Silicon-germanium multilayer structures consisting of alternating Si and Ge amorphous nanolayers were annealed by ultrashort laser pulses at near-infrared (1030 nm) and mid-infrared (1500 nm) wavelengths. In this paper, we investigate the effects of the type of substrate (Si or glass), and the number of laser pulses (single-shot and multi-shot regimes) on the crystallization of the layers. Based on structural Raman spectroscopy analysis, several annealing regimes were revealed depending on laser fluence, including partial or complete crystallization of the components and formation of solid Si-Ge alloys. Conditions for selective crystallization of germanium when Si remains amorphous and there is no intermixing between the Si and Ge layers were found. Femtosecond mid-IR laser annealing appeared to be particularly favorable for such selective crystallization. Similar crystallization regimes were observed for both single-shot and multi-shot conditions, although at lower fluences and with a lower selectivity in the latter case. A theoretical analysis was carried out based on the laser energy absorption mechanisms, thermal stresses, and non-thermal effects.
