Over the past decade, the escalating prevalence of copper (Cu) pollution in soil has raised significant concerns due to its potential detrimental impacts on soil quality, microbial communities, plant health, food security, and land degradation. Despite extensive research, the response mechanisms, threshold levels, and reliable indicators of Cu pollution remain debated. Therefore, comprehensive studies are needed to gain a better understanding of these dynamics. This study address these gaps by: (1) evaluating Cu toxicity effects on soil biological, biochemical, barley germination, growth, biomass, and physiological parameters, and (2) identifying robust indicators for early assessment of Cu-associated risks. Soil was amended with CuSO4 at concentrations ranging from 0 to 210 mg kg-1. Factors exacerbating Cu toxicity included Cu concentration, pH levels, and the duration of Cu accumulation within the soil ecosystem. Consequently, at the highest Cu concentration a significant reduction in soil biological, biochemical, barley germination, growth, biomass, and physiological parameters was observed towards the end of the experiment. Simultaneously, there was a substantial increase in the levels of antioxidant enzymes, malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and electrolyte leakage (EL) triggered by Cu presence. Correlation analyses highlighted bacterial populations, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), dehydrogenase activity, respiration rates, pH levels, seedling fresh biomass and height, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic activity, protein content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, ROS levels, and MDA as sensitive indicators of Cu stress. As a result, these parameters are proposed as reliable indicators for predicting Cu toxicity thresholds, excessive accumulation, and associated risks within soil ecosystems. These indicators have implications not only for land degradation but also for food security considerations.

• Klíčová slova
• Barley physiological indexes, Cu toxicity, Soil biochemical indexes, Soil biological indexes,
• MeSH
• ekosystém * MeSH
• ječmen (rod) * růst a vývoj   účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• klíčení účinky léků   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu * toxicita   MeSH
• měď * toxicita   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí * MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující půdu * MeSH
• měď * MeSH
• půda MeSH

Heat stability (HS) is substantial technology property of raw milk. Analysis of sources of HS variation and its regular monitoring can contribute to creating higher added value in the dairy industry. The goal of this analysis was to assess the practice sources of raw cow milk HS variability on the results of an extensive data set of bulk tank milk samples. There was implemented neither a compositional technology modification nor acidity adjustment of milk, just original raw milk was used for the analysis. A total 2634 HS analyses were performed, including other milk indicators, during three years of an experimental period. The log HS mean and standard deviation were 1.273654 ± 0.144189, equal to the HS geometric mean of 18.8 min. Explanation of the HS variability through the linear model used was 41.1% (p < 0.0001). According to the results of the variance analysis, the milk HS was influenced (p = 0.0033 and mostly <0.0001) by all the farm factors such as year; season; calendar month; altitude; total annual rainfall; herd size by the number of cows; milk yield; cow breed; type of milking; litter type in the stable; summer grazing application; farm effect. During the calendar months (p < 0.0001), milk HS values suggest similar seasonal dynamics with the somatic cell count, total count of mesophilic microorganisms, coli bacteria count and urea and lactose concentration and opposite configuration pattern to fat, crude protein, solids-not-fat and total solids content and milk freezing point depression. Here performed quantification of these effects by analyzing the variance may allow efficient raw milk selection to be processed into specific dairy products.

• Klíčová slova
• breed, cow, farm factors, microbiologic indicators, milk composition, milk heat stability,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Very few soil quality indicators include disease-suppressiveness criteria. We assessed whether 64 16S rRNA microarray probes whose signals correlated with tobacco black root rot suppressiveness in greenhouse analysis could also discriminate suppressive from conducive soils under field conditions. Rhizobacterial communities of tobacco and wheat sampled in 2 years from four farmers' fields of contrasted suppressiveness status were compared. The 64 previously identified indicator probes correctly classified 72% of 29 field samples, with nine probes for Azospirillum, Gluconacetobacter, Sphingomonadaceae, Planctomycetes, Mycoplasma, Lactobacillus crispatus and Thermodesulforhabdus providing the best prediction. The whole probe set (1033 probes) revealed strong effects of plant, field location and year on rhizobacterial community composition, and a smaller (7% variance) but significant effect of soil suppressiveness status. Seventeen additional probes correlating with suppressiveness status in the field (noticeably for Agrobacterium, Methylobacterium, Ochrobactrum) were selected, and combined with the nine others, they improved correct sample classification from 72% to 79% (100% tobacco and 63% wheat samples). Pseudomonas probes were not informative in the field, even those targeting biocontrol pseudomonads producing 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, nor was quantitative polymerase chain reaction for 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol-synthesis gene phlD. This study shows that a subset of 16S rRNA probes targeting diverse rhizobacteria can be useful as suppressiveness indicators under field conditions.

• MeSH
• kořeny rostlin růst a vývoj   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikročipová analýza metody   MeSH
• nemoci rostlin prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza hybridizací s uspořádaným souborem oligonukleotidů MeSH
• společenstvo * MeSH
• tabák růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• RNA ribozomální 16S MeSH

Cross-reactions and resulting nonspecific binding of substances with structures resembling aflatoxins (derivatives of coumarin, and cinnamonic and benzoic acids, etc.) were investigated. The concentrations of these substances causing erroneously high or false positive values in radioimmunoassay were determined. One microgram aflatoxin B1/kg sample may be simulated by the occurrence of 5 g coumarin, 10 g caffeic acid, 16 g chlorogenic acid, or 15 g vanillin/kg fodder or food sample.

• MeSH
• aflatoxiny analýza   imunologie   MeSH
• indikátory a reagencie MeSH
• kontaminace potravin analýza   MeSH
• krmivo pro zvířata analýza   MeSH
• potravinářská mikrobiologie * MeSH
• radioimunoanalýza MeSH
• rozpouštědla MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aflatoxiny MeSH
• indikátory a reagencie MeSH
• rozpouštědla MeSH

• MeSH
• dusičnany analýza   MeSH
• dusitany analýza   MeSH
• hydrolýza MeSH
• indikátory a reagencie MeSH
• konzervace potravin * MeSH
• maso analýza   MeSH
• potravinářská mikrobiologie * MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dusičnany MeSH
• dusitany MeSH
• indikátory a reagencie MeSH

The presence of enteric pathogens in water resources represents a serious risk for public health. Therefore, their precise detection, and especially detection of E. coli, which is obviously regarded as the main indicator of faecal contamination of water, is an essential step in ensuring bacterial safety of water. Numerous PCR protocols for detection of E. coli have been published to date. They are usually based on amplification of regions derived from lacZ (beta-D-galactosidase) and uidA (beta-D-glucuronidase) gene sequences. However, these methods are not universal enough for precise detection of all E. coli strains found in water samples. We developed a novel triplex PCR method for detection of E. coli in which cyd gene coding for cytochrome bd complex was co-amplified along with lacZ and uidA genes. Our triplex PCR approach significantly increases the specificity and reliability of E. coli detection in water samples. This approach allowed us to distinguish Shigella flexneri from E. coli. In addition, we were able to detect even non-coliform Klebsiella and Raoutella spp., some of which can also cause infections to humans.

• MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• DNA primery MeSH
• Escherichia coli izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• feces mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mikrobiologie vody * MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce metody   MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• senzitivita a specificita MeSH
• Shigella flexneri izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA bakterií MeSH
• DNA primery MeSH

Chronic nitrogen inputs can alleviate N limitation and potentially impose N losses in forests, indicated by soil enrichment in 15 N over 14 N. However, the complexity of the nitrogen cycle hinders accurate quantification of N fluxes. Simultaneously, soil ecologists are striving to find meaningful indicators to characterise the "openness" of the nitrogen cycle. We integrate soil δ15 N with constrained ecosystem N losses and the functional gene potential of the soil microbiome in 14 temperate forest catchments. We show that N losses are associated with soil δ15 N and that δ15 N scales with the abundance of soil bacteria. The abundance of the archaeal amoA gene, representing the first step in nitrification (ammonia oxidation to nitrite), followed by the abundance of narG and napA genes, associated with the first step in denitrification (nitrate reduction to nitrite), explains most of the variability in soil δ15 N. These genes are more informative than the denitrification genes nirS and nirK, which are directly linked to N2 O production. Nitrite formation thus appears to be the critical step associated with N losses. Furthermore, we show that the genetic potential for ammonia oxidation and nitrate reduction is representative of forest soil 15 N enrichment and thus indicative of ecosystem N losses.

• MeSH
• amoniak MeSH
• Archaea genetika   MeSH
• denitrifikace MeSH
• dusičnany * MeSH
• dusík analýza   MeSH
• dusitany MeSH
• lesy MeSH
• mikrobiota * genetika   MeSH
• nitrifikace MeSH
• oxidace-redukce MeSH
• půda MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• amoniak MeSH
• dusičnany * MeSH
• dusík MeSH
• dusitany MeSH
• půda MeSH

Landfills pose a global issue for soil functionality and health, especially in underdeveloped nations where limited resources impede the adoption of comprehensive waste management policies, such as waste processing and sorting techniques. Leachate emissions from waste landfills are a cause for concern, primarily due to their toxic effect if left uncontrolled in the environment, and the potential for waste storage sites to produce leachate for hundreds of years after closure. Few efforts have been made to improve waste collection and disposal facilities in the world, especially in developing countries. This research aims to investigate the influence of waste leachate on soil health indicators in natural woodland and rangeland ecological systems in a semi-arid mountainous region in the north of Iran. Based on results, forest unpolluted sites (2008) exhibited the highest values of nutrient elements in litter and root components. Landfills led to a rise in soil bulk density and a simultaneous decrease in soil organic matter (SOM), porosity, aggregate stability, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen (POC and PON), as well as available nutrients, ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-) levels. Additionally, microbial parameters (respiration and biomass) and enzymes (urease, acid phosphatase, arylsulfatase and invertase) experienced a decrease in areas affected by the landfill sites over time of 2008-2023. Forest and rangeland landfill sites (2023) sites had lower density and biomass of the three earthworm groups. Acari, Collembola, nematodes, protozoans, fungi and bacteria were also reduced in landfill sites (nearly 1-2 times more in uncontaminated forest and rangeland sites). Lumbricus terrestris earthworms exhibited a clear presence in all the studied sites, and this demonstrates the ability of this earthworm species to be active in severe pollution conditions. The spatial pattern of soil cadmium and lead changes indicates the high variance of these characteristics under the influence of landfills in the study sites. Finally, the soil health indicators (according to soil physical, chemical, and biological parameters) decreased from forest unpolluted sites in 2008 to rangeland landfill sites in 2023, which is linked to the release of landfill leachate. These results are noteworthy for all countries and governments that rely on natural ecosystems for waste management without engineering operations or technical intervention. Furthermore, both governments and stakeholders must implement effective waste management systems. The research offers valuable information that can assist decision-makers engaged in sustainable solid waste management in Iran and comparable areas. Besides that, it is highly recommended to prioritize recycling and phytoremediation processes. Ultimately, worldwide efforts to achieve environmental sustainability need a significant focus on the effective management of hazardous waste. Consequently, investigations covering this topic should be continued, as they allow the evaluation of the environmental effects of the gradual accumulation of pollution in soils surrounding uncontrolled municipal solid waste landfills.

• Klíčová slova
• Earthworm, Forest, Heavy metals, Non-engineered landfills, Rangeland, Soil pollution,
• MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza   MeSH
• dusík analýza   MeSH
• ekosystém * MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu * analýza   MeSH
• lesy MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• odpadky - odstraňování metody   MeSH
• půda * chemie   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
• skládková zařízení * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Írán MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
• dusík MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu * MeSH
• půda * MeSH

OBJECTIVES: The use of alternative water sources such as rainwater or greywater (i.e., wastewater excluding water from toilets) for non-potable purposes may save water but, on the other hand, can also pose health risks to users. The main health risks come from microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa). This work aims to analyse especially microbiological quality of rainwater and greywater used inside buildings in detail and to expand the existing knowledge about the potential health risks associated with these alternative water sources. It also considers methodological problems during E. coli and coliform bacteria detection. The final objective is to discuss requirements and appropriate indicators for monitoring recycled water quality. METHODS: We examined 30 buildings with non-potable water systems in the Czech Republic and analysed a total of 137 samples of rainwater and 120 samples of greywater. From these 30 buildings, eleven, 5 of which used rainwater and 6 of which used greywater, were sampled regularly for 1-2 years for basic chemical parameters, various faecal indicators, C. perfringens, Legionella spp. and P. aeruginosa. Occasionally, samples were analysed also for the presence of environmental mycobacteria, amoebas, viruses, and selected pathogens. RESULTS: Nearly three quarters of rainwater samples contained the faecal indicators E. coli or enterococci, or both, and in samples from several buildings also Clostridium perfringens was repeatedly detected. Untreated and treated rainwater were in respect to microbiological quality similar, suggesting that treatment processes were not very efficient. In greywater samples, beside faecal indicators, also P. aeruginosa and thermotolerant amoebas were repeatedly detected. Treatment technologies used for greywater were more efficient than those for rainwater systems. CONCLUSION: Based on the results we evaluated appropriate indicators for monitoring recycled water quality and drafted the first Czech regulation for non-potable water.

• Klíčová slova
• health risk, hygienic requirements, microbiological quality, non-potable water, rainwater, reclaimed water,
• MeSH
• Escherichia coli * MeSH
• feces MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The effect of mineral and organic fertilization on the occurrence of soil microorganisms was determined in a field experiment. The colony-forming unit counts of saprotrophic microfungi, when estimated on a silicate gel medium containing fulvic acid as a sole carbon source, increased significantly with increasing doses of mineral and organic fertilization. Partial correlation analysis indicated that, unlike bacteria and actinomycetes, microfungi utilizing fulvic acid were significantly associated with soil organic carbon. No significant effects on bacteria and microfungi counted on common microbiological media were observed but counts of actinomycetes increased in a manured soil extensively fertilized by a mineral fertilizer. Fulvic acid utilizing microfungi, which are associated with areas rich in organics, play possibly the main role in mineralization of resistant forms of soil organic matter.

• MeSH
• Actinomyces izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• Bacteria izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• benzopyrany metabolismus   MeSH
• biodegradace MeSH
• houby izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• mikrobiologické techniky MeSH
• minerály MeSH
• organické látky metabolismus   MeSH
• počet mikrobiálních kolonií MeSH
• průmyslová hnojiva * MeSH
• půda analýza   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• benzopyrany MeSH
• fulvic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• minerály MeSH
• organické látky MeSH
• průmyslová hnojiva * MeSH
• půda MeSH