Recurrent epidemics and pandemics caused by seasonal human influenza viruses result in substantial morbidity and are a significant public health burden worldwide annually. Antiviral drugs are used to treat influenza infections but have several limitations.. Therefore, monoclonal antibody therapy is an exciting and promising approach. Nanobodies, also known as single-domain antibodies, are a new class derived from heavy-chain-only antibodies found in camelids like alpacas, llamas, and camels. These antibodies neutralize influenza viruses by targeting various proteins through multiple mechanisms. For example, they can target the hemagglutinin protein to prevent its functions. By focusing on conserved epitopes, they can neutralize a variety of influenza subtypes, including seasonal flu strains and possible pandemic variants. Additionally, these antibodies can neutralize free-floating viruses in the extracellular environment, preventing them from infecting cells. They can reduce the viral load and limit the spread of the infection. Using nanobodies to neutralize influenza viruses provides numerous advantages compared to conventional antibodies. Thanks to their unique properties, nanobodies play a crucial role in fighting influenza, improving disease management, and strengthening public health responses. In this review, we summarize the role of nanobodies in influenza virus neutralization.

• Klíčová slova
• Influenza virus, Nanobody, Neutralization, Single-domain antibody,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• ENTEROVIRUS *, NEUTRALIZATION TESTS *, VIRAL PROTEINS *, VIRUS CULTIVATION *,
• MeSH
• Enterovirus * MeSH
• kultivace virů * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neutralizační testy * MeSH
• neutralizující protilátky * MeSH
• virové proteiny * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• neutralizující protilátky * MeSH
• virové proteiny * MeSH

Sets of 600 single sera from healthy individuals of various age and 458 paired sera from patients treated for diseases of various etiology were examined using a neutralization microtest technique employing prototype collection strains CA9, CB1-CB5, E1-E9, E11-E14, E17, E19, E24 and E26. Totally, 34,862 monotype neutralization tests were carried out in this study. In the set of single serum samples the lowest proportion of sera reacting with any of the enterovirus serotypes used was encountered in the group of youngest children up to the age of 2 years. This group of children showed also the highest proportion of sera free of type-specific antibody. Taken together, these sera reacted most frequently with serotypes CA9 and CB4. In the set of paired sera significant rises in antibody titre to one enterovirus serotype were recorded in 105 instances, in association with simultaneous nonsignificant rises against one or several other serotypes in 64 instances. In additional 12 paired sera there was evidenced a significant rise of antibody titre to more than one serotypes, combined in 8 of these with simultaneous nonsignificant rises to further serotypes. This neutralization microtest technique with a set of enterovirus serotypes is believed to represent a servicable diagnostic tool in determining the cause of enteroviral infection, in spite of the estimated 10% failure to establish the exact serotype responsible. The results yielded by the serologic examination of single serum samples are not considered as reflecting the actual seroconversion rates in the general population.

• MeSH
• coxsackie virózy mikrobiologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• ECHO virové infekce mikrobiologie   MeSH
• enterovirus B lidský klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Enterovirus klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• neutralizační testy MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• sérotypizace MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Data are presented on the detection in crude animal and human sera of Cl. perfringens phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor. When the level of Cl. perfringens type A antitoxin is determined in the in vitro toxin neutralization test the inhibitor is found to decrease PLC activity in the test dose of experimental homologous toxin. The extent of decrease accounts for the variation of results obtained in the in vitro and in vivo toxin neutralization tests. The variation may be cancelled out by introducing a corresponding coefficient to calculate the level of alpha-antitoxin. It is suggested that the isolation and investigation of the PLC inhibitor will contribute to the development of preparations for treatment of gas gangrene due to Cl. perfringens type A.

• MeSH
• antitoxiny analýza   MeSH
• bakteriální toxiny analýza   imunologie   MeSH
• Clostridium perfringens * enzymologie   MeSH
• fosfolipasy typu C antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neutralizační testy * MeSH
• proteiny vázající vápník * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• alpha toxin, Clostridium perfringens MeSH Prohlížeč
• antitoxiny MeSH
• bakteriální toxiny MeSH
• fosfolipasy typu C MeSH
• proteiny vázající vápník * MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES *, NEUTRALIZATION TESTS *, VIRUS CULTIVATION *,
• MeSH
• encefalitida * MeSH
• klíšťata * MeSH
• kultivace virů * MeSH
• ledviny * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neutralizační testy * MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• viry encefalitidy * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 virus is mainly based on direct detection. Determination of specific antibodies has been used mostly for epidemiological reasons. However, select immunoassays showed good correlation to plaque reduction virus neutralization test (PRNT) in smaller patient cohorts, which suggests their potential as predictors of virus neutralization titer. A total of 3,699 samples from Covid-19 patients were included in the multicentric study performed in the Czech Republic. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels were evaluated by 8 commercial antibody assays. Simultaneously, PRNT evaluations were performed with the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.258 variant. All immunoassays showed an overall high true positive diagnostic value ranging from 79.17 to 98.04%. Several commercial EIA methods showed highly positive correlation between the assay results and PRNT levels, e.g., Liaison CoV-2 TrimericS IgG DiaSorin (Spearman r = 0.8833; Architect SASRS-CoV-2 IgG Abbott (r = 0.7298); NovaLisa SARS-CoV-2 IgG NovaTec (r = 0.7103) and Anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA IgG Euroimmun (r = 0.7094). While this correlation was less positive for other assays, those, conversely, presented higher true positive values. For most immunoassays, the positive percent agreement of the results was ≥ 95% in sera exhibiting PRNT levels of 1:80 and higher. The assays tested have shown variable correlation to PRNT. Those possessing high positive predictive values serve well as qualitative tests, while others can be utilised as quantitative tests highly predictive of neutralization antibody levels.

• MeSH
• COVID-19 * diagnóza   MeSH
• imunoglobulin G MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neutralizační testy metody   MeSH
• neutralizující protilátky MeSH
• protilátky virové MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 * MeSH
• senzitivita a specificita MeSH
• sérologické testy metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• imunoglobulin G MeSH
• neutralizující protilátky MeSH
• protilátky virové MeSH

Phospholipase D (PLD) neutralization was used to examine sera of humans (n = 40) with a spontaneous infection by Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, sheep and goats (n = 76 and 79 respectively) with a spontaneous infection by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, mice (n = 26) experimentally immunized with PLD from A. haemolyticum (PLD-A) and mice (n = 28) experimentally immunized with PLD from C. pseudotuberculosis (PLD-C). PLD-A and PLD-C were also used as neutralizing antigens. A positive result of neutralization was due to an inhibition of the haemolytic synergism with the equi factor from Rhodococcus equi. The titres of sera neutralizing the homologous PLD were always significantly higher than those neutralizing the heterologous PLD. The proportion of sera that were able to neutralize the homologous PLD in sheep, goats and mice immunized with PLD-A significantly exceeded the proportion of sera that neutralized the heterologous PLD. The antigenic properties of PLD-A and PLD-C were similar but not identical.

• MeSH
• Actinomycetales enzymologie   imunologie   MeSH
• Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis enzymologie   imunologie   MeSH
• fosfolipasa D imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• infekce bakteriemi řádu Actinomycetales diagnóza   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• korynebakteriální infekce diagnóza   mikrobiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• kozy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nemoci koz diagnóza   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• nemoci ovcí diagnóza   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• neutralizační testy MeSH
• ovce MeSH
• protilátky bakteriální krev   MeSH
• sérologické testy MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fosfolipasa D MeSH
• protilátky bakteriální MeSH

There is an ongoing debate as to whether SARS-CoV-2 antibodies can be found in patients who have recovered from COVID-19 disease. Currently, there is no consensus on whether the antibodies, if present, are protective. Our regular measurements of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, starting in July 2020, have provided us with the opportunity of becoming acquainted with the five different immunoassays. A total of 149 patients were enrolled in our study. We measured the samples using each immunoassay, then performing a virus neutralization test and comparing the results of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies with this test. We observed that the production of neutralizing antibodies is age-dependent. Elderly patients have a higher proportion of high neutralizing titers than young patients. Based on our results, and in combination with the literature findings, we can conclude that the serological SARS-CoV-2 antibody measurement is a helpful tool in the fight against COVID-19. The assays can provide information about the patient's previous contact with the virus. Anti-spike protein assays correlate well with the virus neutralization test and can be used in the screening of potential convalescent plasma donors.

• Klíčová slova
• SARS-CoV-2, antibody, immunoassay, nucleocapsid protein, serological diagnostics, spike protein, virus neutralization test,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) causes 13,000 cases of human meningitis and encephalitis annually. However, the structure of the TBEV virion and its interactions with antibodies are unknown. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of the native TBEV virion and its complex with Fab fragments of neutralizing antibody 19/1786. Flavivirus genome delivery depends on membrane fusion that is triggered at low pH. The virion structure indicates that the repulsive interactions of histidine side chains, which become protonated at low pH, may contribute to the disruption of heterotetramers of the TBEV envelope and membrane proteins and induce detachment of the envelope protein ectodomains from the virus membrane. The Fab fragments bind to 120 out of the 180 envelope glycoproteins of the TBEV virion. Unlike most of the previously studied flavivirus-neutralizing antibodies, the Fab fragments do not lock the E-proteins in the native-like arrangement, but interfere with the process of virus-induced membrane fusion.

• MeSH
• elektronová kryomikroskopie MeSH
• exprese genu MeSH
• fúze membrán genetika   MeSH
• imunoglobuliny - Fab fragmenty biosyntéza   chemie   MeSH
• internalizace viru MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• multimerizace proteinu MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• neurony patologie   virologie   MeSH
• neutralizující protilátky biosyntéza   chemie   MeSH
• proteinové domény MeSH
• protilátky virové biosyntéza   chemie   MeSH
• virion genetika   metabolismus   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• virové proteiny chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• viry klíšťové encefalitidy genetika   metabolismus   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• imunoglobuliny - Fab fragmenty MeSH
• neutralizující protilátky MeSH
• protilátky virové MeSH
• virové proteiny MeSH

This article deals with the possibility of using a biosorbent in the form of a mixture of cones from coniferous trees to remove the residual concentration of hazardous metals contained in hazardous waste, which is disposed of in a neutralization station. The efficiency of the tested biosorbent in removing Ni, Zn, Cu, and Fe was monitored here. Laboratory research was carried out before the actual testing of the biosorbent directly in the operation of the neutralization station. With regard to the planned use of the biosorbent in the operational test, the laboratory experiments were performed in a batch mode and for the most problematic metals (Ni and Zn). The laboratory tests with real wastewater have shown that the biosorbent can be used to remove hazardous metals. Under the given conditions, 96% of Ni and 19% of Zn were removed after 20 min when using NaOH activated biosorbent with the concentration of 0.1 mol L-1. The inactivated biosorbent removed 93% of Ni and 31% of Zn. The tested biosorbent was also successful during the operational tests. The inactivated biosorbent was applied due to the financial costs. It was used for the pre-treatment of hazardous waste in a preparation tank, where a significant reduction in the concentration of hazardous metals occurred, but the values of Ni, Cu, and Zn still failed to meet the emission limits. After 72 h, we measured 10 mg L-1 from the original 4,056 mg L-1 of Ni, 1 mg L-1 from the original 2,252 mg L-1 of Cu, 1 mg L-1 from the original 4,020 mg L-1 of Zn, and 7 mg L-1 from the original 1,853 mg L-1 of Fe. However, even after neutralization, the treated water did not meet the emission limits for discharging into the sewer system. The biosorbent was, therefore, used in the filtration unit as well, which was placed in front of the Parshall flume. After passing through the filtration unit, the concentrations of all the monitored parameters were reduced to a minimum, and the values met the prescribed emission limits. The biosorbent was further used to thicken the residual sludge in the waste pre-treatment tank, which contributed to a significant reduction in the overall cost of disposing of residual hazardous waste. This waste was converted from liquid to solid-state.

• Klíčová slova
• biosorption, copper, desorption, hazardous waste, iron, neutralization station, nickel, zinc,
• MeSH
• adsorpce MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza   MeSH
• kovy MeSH
• odpad tekutý - odstraňování metody   MeSH
• odpadní voda MeSH
• těžké kovy analýza   MeSH
• zinek analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
• kovy MeSH
• odpadní voda MeSH
• těžké kovy MeSH
• zinek MeSH