BACKGROUND: The recent development of three-dimensional (3D) technologies introduces a novel set of opportunities to the medical field in general, and specifically to surgery. The preoperative phase has proven to be a critical factor in surgical success. Utilization of 3D technologies has the potential to improve preoperative planning and overall surgical outcomes. In this narrative review article, the authors describe existing clinical data pertaining to the current use of 3D printing, virtual reality, and augmented reality in the preoperative phase of bone surgery. METHODS: The methodology included keyword-based literature search in PubMed and Google Scholar for original articles published between 2014 and 2022. After excluding studies performed in nonbone surgery disciplines, data from 61 studies of five different surgical disciplines were processed to be included in this narrative review. RESULTS: Among the mentioned technologies, 3D printing is currently the most advanced in terms of clinical use, predominantly creating anatomical models and patient-specific instruments that provide high-quality operative preparation. Virtual reality allows to set a surgical plan and to further simulate the procedure via a 2D screen or head mounted display. Augmented reality is found to be useful for surgical simulation upon 3D printed anatomical models or virtual phantoms. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, 3D technologies are gradually becoming an integral part of a surgeon's preoperative toolbox, allowing for increased surgical accuracy and reduction of operation time, mainly in complex and unique surgical cases. This may eventually lead to improved surgical outcomes, thereby optimizing the personalized surgical approach.

• MeSH
• 3D tisk MeSH
• chirurgie s pomocí počítače * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• modely anatomické MeSH
• ortopedické výkony * metody   MeSH
• virtuální realita * MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

This manuscript investigates the chemical and structural stability of 3D printing materials (3DPMs) frequently used in electrochemistry. Four 3D printing materials were studied: Clear photopolymer, Elastic photopolymer, PET filament, and PLA filament. Their stability, solubility, structural changes, flexibility, hardness, and color changes were investigated after exposure to selected organic solvents and supporting electrolytes. Furthermore, the available potential windows and behavior of redox probes in selected supporting electrolytes were investigated before and after the exposure of the 3D-printed objects to the electrolytes at various working electrodes. Possible electrochemically active interferences with an origin from the 3DPMs were also monitored to provide a comprehensive outline for the use of 3DPMs in electrochemical platform manufacturing.

• Klíčová slova
• 3D printing materials, anodic stripping voltammetry, chemical stability, cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, electrochemistry, mechanical stability,
• MeSH
• 3D tisk * MeSH
• elektrochemie MeSH
• elektrody MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

This paper presents a complex and extensive experimental evaluation of fine particle emissions released by an FDM 3D printer for four of the most common printing materials (ABS, PLA, PET-G, and TPU). These thermoplastic filaments were examined at three printing temperatures within their recommended range. In addition, these measurements were extended using various types of printing nozzles, which influenced the emissions considerably. This research is based on more than a hundred individual measurements for which a standardized printing method was developed. The study presents information about differences between particular printing conditions in terms of the amount of fine particles emitted as well as the particle size distributions during printing periods. This expands existing knowledge about the emission of ultrafine particles during 3D printing, and it can help reduce the emissions of these devices to achieve cleaner and safer 3D printer operations.

• Klíčová slova
• 3D printing, air quality, emissions, fine particles, size distribution, thermoplastics,
• MeSH
• 3D tisk MeSH
• pevné částice * analýza   MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• velikost částic MeSH
• znečištění vzduchu ve vnitřním prostředí * analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• pevné částice * MeSH

In the presented work, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-PHB-based composites for 3D printing as bio-sourced and biodegradable alternatives to synthetic plastics are characterized. The PHB matrix was modified by polylactide (PLA) and plasticized by tributyl citrate. Kaolin particles were used as a filler. The mathematical method "Design of Experiment" (DoE) was used to create a matrix of samples for further evaluation. Firstly, the optimal printing temperature of the first and upper layers was determined. Secondly, the 3D printed samples were tested with regards to the warping during the 3D printing. Testing specimens were prepared using the determined optimal printing conditions to measure the tensile properties, impact strength, and heat deflection temperature (HDT) of the samples. The results describe the effect of adding individual components (PHB, PLA, plasticizer, and filler) in the prepared composite sample on the resulting material properties. Two composite samples were prepared based on the theoretical results of DoE (one with the maximum printability and one with the maximum HDT) to compare them with the real data measured. The tests of these two composite samples showed 25% lower warping and 8.9% higher HDT than was expected by the theory.

• Klíčová slova
• 3D printing, Design of Experiment, FDM, PHB, composite, kaolin,
• MeSH
• 3D tisk * MeSH
• kaolin * MeSH
• polyestery MeSH
• pomocné látky MeSH
• vysoká teplota MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kaolin * MeSH
• polyestery MeSH
• pomocné látky MeSH

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has gained popularity across various domains but remains less integrated into medical surgery due to its complexity. Existing literature primarily discusses specific applications, with limited detailed guidance on the entire process. The methodological details of converting Computed Tomography (CT) images into 3D models are often found in amateur 3D printing forums rather than scientific literature. To address this gap, we present a comprehensive methodology for converting CT images of bone fractures into 3D-printed models. This involves transferring files in Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format to stereolithography format, processing the 3D model, and preparing it for printing. Our methodology outlines step-by-step guidelines, time estimates, and software recommendations, prioritizing free open-source tools. We also share our practical experience and outcomes, including the successful creation of 72 models for surgical planning, patient education, and teaching. Although there are challenges associated with utilizing 3D printing in surgery, such as the requirement for specialized expertise and equipment, the advantages in surgical planning, patient education, and improved outcomes are evident. Further studies are warranted to refine and standardize these methodologies for broader adoption in medical practice.

• Klíčová slova
• 3D printing, Image-guided surgery, Medical education, Patient-specific models, Preoperative planning, Surgery,
• MeSH
• 3D tisk * MeSH
• fraktury kostí * diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• modely anatomické MeSH
• počítačová rentgenová tomografie * metody   MeSH
• radiologické informační systémy organizace a řízení   MeSH
• traumatologie MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The field of skeletal traumatology has undergone revolutionary changes worldwide over the last decade with the development of 3D printing technologies. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of how 3D printing is transforming fracture treatment and opening up new possibilities in the management of complex fractures. The use of 3D printing in medicine offers a new dimension in precision and customisation of treatment, enabling the creation of personalised surgical templates, individualised implants and tools. The development of 3D printing is closely linked to other technological advances, such as augmented reality methods, which represent a significant step forward in the visualisation and planning of surgical procedures. Although 3D printing offers many advantages, its integration into routine clinical practice still faces many challenges. This article examines the history and development of 3D printing technology, materials used in medicine, preoperative planning, the creation of surgical guides, the fabrication of patient-specific implants, and the integration of 3D printing and augmented reality in skeletal surgery, highlighting the technical, logistical, and ethical challenges of implementing this technology in surgical practice.

• Klíčová slova
• 3D printing, Trauma surgery, augmented reality, fracture, osteoporosis, traumatology, virtual reality,
• MeSH
• 3D tisk * MeSH
• augmentovaná realita MeSH
• chirurgie s pomocí počítače MeSH
• fraktury kostí * chirurgie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• protézy a implantáty MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

This study aims to investigate the in vitro effects of nanoparticles (NPs) produced during the selective laser melting (SLM) of 316 L stainless steel metal powder on the immune response in a human blood model. Experimental data did not reveal effect on viability of 316 L NPs for the tested doses. Functional immune assays showed a significant immunosuppressive effect of NPs. There was moderate stimulation (117%) of monocyte phagocytic activity without significant changes in phagocytic activity and respiratory burst of granulocytes. A significant dose-dependent increase in the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-a was found in blood cultures treated with NPs. On the contrary, IL-8 chemokine levels were significantly suppressed. The levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were reduced by only a single concentration of NPs. These new findings can minimise potential health risks and indicate the need for more research in this area.

• Klíčová slova
• 3D printing, Immunotoxicity, Metal alloy powders, Selective laser melting,
• MeSH
• 3D tisk MeSH
• cytokiny MeSH
• kovy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nanočástice * toxicita   MeSH
• nerezavějící ocel * farmakologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cytokiny MeSH
• kovy MeSH
• nerezavějící ocel * MeSH

INTRODUCTION: 3D printing, a concept over 40 years old, is finding broader application in clinical practice thanks to technological advancements. At University Hospital Ostrava, 3D printing is utilized to create anatomically accurate models of specific patients before surgical procedures based on imaging data. CASE SERIES: 3D printing is employed as a complement to conventional imaging methods to produce morphologically precise models of anatomical structures of individual patients. These models primarily serve for preoperative planning in elective abdominal, vascular, and thoracic surgery. They are also used in planning osteosynthesis of complex fractures and corrective osteotomies. Multicolor printing, although increasing the process's time demands, allows better clarity and differentiation of individual anatomical structures within a single model. DISCUSSION: Compared to 2D images, 3D models provide better spatial orientation and awareness of the operated structures, contributing to improved surgical outcomes. The benefits of 3D printing in preoperative planning and patient education are confirmed by studies across the fields ranging from cardiac surgery to traumatology. CONCLUSION: After overcoming initial challenges, 3D printing has become a reliable component of the surgical arsenal at University Hospital Ostrava for elective surgery. While 3D printing does not represent a universal answer to all medical challenges, its role is highly beneficial and promising in many indicated cases.

• Klíčová slova
• 3D printing, imaging technologies, personalized medicine, precision medicine, preoperative planning, surgical navigation,
• MeSH
• 3D tisk * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• modely anatomické MeSH
• předoperační péče MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Three-dimensional printing (3DP) has gained popularity among scientists and researchers in every field due to its potential to drastically reduce energy costs for the production of customized products by utilizing less energy-intensive machines as well as minimizing material waste. The 3D printing technology is an additive manufacturing approach that uses material layer-by-layer fabrication to produce the digitally specified 3D model. The use of 3D printing technology in the pharmaceutical sector has the potential to revolutionize research and development by providing a quick and easy means to manufacture personalized one-off batches, each with unique dosages, distinct substances, shapes, and sizes, as well as variable release rates. This overview addresses the concept of 3D printing, its evolution, and its operation, as well as the most popular types of 3D printing processes utilized in the health care industry. It also discusses the application of these cutting-edge technologies to the pharmaceutical industry, advancements in various medical fields and medical equipment, 3D bioprinting, the most recent initiatives to combat COVID-19, regulatory frameworks, and the major challenges that this technology currently faces. In addition, we attempt to provide some futuristic approaches to 3DP applications.

• Klíčová slova
• 3D bioprinting., 3D printed equipment, 3D printing techniques, COVID-19 treatment, DOP, EHD, EMP, SLS, drug delivery system, inkjet, personalized medicines, vat photopolymerization,
• MeSH
• 3D tisk * MeSH
• bioprinting metody   MeSH
• COVID-19 * MeSH
• farmaceutický průmysl MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• poskytování zdravotní péče MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The legislature determines the recycled and waste contents in fabrication processes to ensure more sustainable production. PLA's mechanical recycling and reuse are limited due to the performance decrease caused by thermal or hydrolytic instability. Our concept introduces an upcycling route involving PLA depolymerization using propylene glycol as a reactant, followed by the methacrylation, assuring the liquid systems' curability provided by radical polymerization. PLA-containing curable systems were studied from a rheological and thermomechanical viewpoint. The viscosity levels varied from 33 to 3911 mPa·s at 30 °C, giving a wide capability potential. The best system reached 2240 MPa storage modulus, 164.1 °C glass-transition temperature, and 145.6 °C heat-resistant index, competitive values to commercial systems. The printability was verified for all of the systems. Eventually, our concept led to SLA resin production containing PLA waste content up to 51 wt %.

• MeSH
• 3D tisk * MeSH
• esterifikace MeSH
• polyestery * chemie   MeSH
• polymerizace MeSH
• reologie MeSH
• stereolitografie MeSH
• viskozita MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• poly(lactide) MeSH Prohlížeč
• polyestery * MeSH